管理类联考-英语： 前导（ 二 ）

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2012 text 1 :

Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recently years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.

This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.

District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.

At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.

The homework rules should be put on hold while the shool board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.

 

 

 

21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework____. 
(A) is receiving more criticism 
(B)is no longer an educational ritual 
(C)is not required for advanced courses 
(D)is gaining more preferences 

 

22. L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____. 
(A) tend to have moderate expectations for their education 
(B)have asked for a different educational standard 
(C)may have problems finishing their homework 
(D)have voiced their complaints about homework 

 

 

23. According to Paragraph 3’one problem with the policy is that it may____. 
(A)discourage students from doing homework 
(B)result in students’ indifference to their report cards 
(C)undermine the authority of state tests 
(D)restrict teachers’ power in education 
 

24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4 a key question unanswered about homework is_____. 
(A) it should be eliminated 
(B) it counts much in schooling 
(C) it places extra burdens on teachers 
(D) it is important for grades

 

 

 

 

答案:  A C A B D 

 

词汇总结:

•  
• popular with在…中有声望[受好评]
• and even乃至
• has been已经
• scorned轻视，蔑视( scorn的过去式和过去分词 ); 不屑做; 不屑于，轻蔑地拒绝
• Los Angeles洛杉矶
• on this这时候
• with the exception of除…以外
• no longer不再，已不
• count for有价值，有重要性
• more than超过; 不只是; 很; 在…次以上
• impoverished穷困的，无力的，用尽了的; 使贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 ); 使贫瘠或恶化
• have in贮存; 贮备; 邀请…; 招待…
• on their own独立地
• cannot do without少不了；短不了；少不得
• But if义同unless
• pass to传给，转到，通到
• do not不; 勿
• because of因为，由于; 基于
• riskily冒险地，危险万分地
• close to离…近; 与…关系密切; 近乎; 临近

• a part of部分
• as much同样地
• no more than无非; 只是; 至多; 只不过
• very little寸；半；无几；微乎其微
• report cards成绩单( report card的名词复数 )
• on state导通状态
• but what而不…
• rather than…而不…，与其…倒不如…; instead of sb/sth 而不是
• find what查找内容
• across-the-board rule全域规则

• At the same time同时; 一起; 但是; 然而
• none of都不
• move to移到; 倒向
• count for有价值，有重要性
• almost nothing几乎没有
• account for说明; 导致，引起; 占; 对…负责
• nothing to不是…所爱对象; 缺乏真实性; 没有困难; 与…比起来算不了什么
• appropriate to将分配给…
• more than超过; 不只是; 很; 在…次以上
• willing to情愿的

• homework功课; 家庭作业
• put on hold搁置; 暂停; 延期
• shool<方>铲，铁铲; 铲
• responsible for为…负责，是造成…的原因
• educational policy教育政策
• conducts行为; 举止( conduct的名词复数 ); 管理; 实施; 传导; 引导( conduct的第三人称单数 ); 带领; 控制
• public hearings公众听证会
• too late客来扫地
• Unified统一的; 一元化的; (unify 的过去式和过去分词); 统一标准的; 统一; 使联合( unify的过去式和过去分词 ); 使相同; 使一致
• do homework做作业

 

• implied暗指的，含蓄的; 暗示，暗指( imply的过去式和过去分词 ); 必然包含; 说明，表明
• paragraph段落; 分段符号; 将…分段; 写短文报导
• nowadays现在，当今; 当今，现在
• criticism批评，批判; 鉴定，审定，考证，校勘; 苛求，[哲]批判主义; 评论，评论文章
• no longer不再，已不
• educational教育的; 为教育的; 有教育意义的; 提供咨询的
• ritual典礼; 仪式; 例行公事，老规矩; 作为仪式的一部分的; 礼节性的; 例行公事的
• courses课程; 课程，路线; 前进( course的名词复数 ); 进程; 方针
• gaining开槽; 赢得; 增加; 获得( gain的现在分词 ); 走快
• preferences参数选择; 较喜欢的东西( preference的名词复数 ); 优待; 偏爱的事物; 

• rule规则，规定; 统治，支配; 章程; 控制，支配; 判定; 裁定，裁决; 价格稳定; 统治; 规定; 管理; 裁决; 管辖; 裁定
• homework功课; 家庭作业
• mainly大部分地; 主要地; 基本上
• tend to趋向; 朝某方向; 偏重
• moderate有节制的; 稳健的，温和的; 适度的，中等的; <美俚>慢吞吞的; 使和缓; 主持; 节制; 变缓和; 作主持人
• expectations希望( expectation的名词复数 ); 预料; 预期; 期望的事情
• educational standard教育水准
• finishing最后的，完工的; 完成; 结束; 修整; 结尾; 结束，完成( finish的现在分词 )
• voiced有声的，浊音的; 带声
• complaints投诉; 抱怨( complaint的名词复数 ); 诉苦; 疾病

 

• According to根据，按照; 据…所说; 如; 比照
• discourage劝阻; 阻碍; 使气馁; 使沮丧
• homework功课; 家庭作业
• result in引起，导致，以…为结局; 落得; 致使
• indifference to对…漠不关心
• report cards成绩单( report card的名词复数 )
• undermine逐渐削弱; 使逐步减少效力; 从根基处破坏; 挖…的墙脚
• authority of state国家权力
• restrict限制，限定; 约束，束缚''''

• mentioned提到( mention的过去式和过去分词 ); 说起; 提名表扬; 传令嘉奖
• unanswered未予答复的; 无反应的; 无回报的
• homework功课; 家庭作业
• be eliminated被淘汰
• counts计数( count的名词复数 ); 数数; 伯爵（欧洲一些国家相当于英国 earl 的贵族封号）; 量的计数; 数( count的第三人称单数 ); 有价值; 数出总数; 算得上
• schooling学校教育; 通过经历或体验获得的教育; 学费; 训练; 教育(school的ing形式)
• burdens重负( burden的名词复数 ); 重担，负担
• teachers师资; 教师( teacher的名词复数 )
• grades等级( grade的名词复数 ); <美> 年级; <尤美> 分数; <尤美> 技巧水平; 等级( grade的第三人称单数 )

• suitable合适的，适当的，适宜的，恰当的
• for this为此
• wrong有毛病的，失常的; 错误的，不正确的; 不好的，不公正的; 反对的，相反的，颠倒的，背面的，里面的; 不对，错误，失当; 不好，不公正; 逆，颠倒，翻转; 有毛病，不舒服; 过失，错误; 不义的行为; 不义行为; 犯罪; 委屈，无理地对待，诽谤
• Interpretations理解; 演绎; 解释( interpretation的名词复数 ); 表演
• Educational Policy教育政策
• Welcomed迎接; 欢迎( welcome的过去式和过去分词 ); 乐于接受; 希望有
• Thorny棘手的; 多刺的; 痛苦的
• Homework功课; 家庭作业
• Faulty错误的; 有错误的，有过失的，有缺点的; 不完美的
• Approach to接近

2011  text 2 :

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America's Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation And Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

什么事情导致了报纸行业死亡？一年前，报纸的终结似乎就要来临。经济衰退让那些尚未转投互联网的广告商和读者开始动摇。新闻报纸比如旧金山纪事报当时就在把自己的厄运编档入案。美国的联邦贸易委员会多次讨论如何拯救报纸行业。他们应该成为慈善公司吗？国家应该资助这些报纸行业吗？下一轮会议马上就要召开。但这种讨论已经过时了。

放眼全球报业，危机的征兆不明显。德国和巴西的报纸行业对危机不屑一顾。即使是栖身于全球经济最混乱角落的美国报纸也不仅幸存了下来，并重新开始盈利，虽然利润率不是几年前惯常的20%，但不管怎样至少现在有钱可赚。

虽然情况好转，却不可过于乐观。许多报纸通过裁减记者渡过难关。据美国新闻编辑协会统计，2007年（全美）报社编辑职位缩减了13500。报纸售价上调，但提供的服务却在减少。一些报纸甚至下决心取消了偏远乡村的报纸配送业务。这些孤注一掷的措施发挥了效果，也让报社敢于采取更加极端的办法，这对于许多记者来说并不是好消息。

随着报业广告收益和发行收益结构更为合理，报业的运营日趋平衡。长期以来，美国报业畸形发展，过于依赖广告收益。经济合作与发展组织称：2008年，美国报业87%的利润来自广告。而同期日本的比例为35%。理所应当，日本报业更为稳定。

这场（人事调整的）旋风席卷编辑部，无人幸免。报社中最不具特色的部门损失惨重。汽车和电影评论员黯然离开，科学和普通商业新闻记者也未能幸免，驻外办事处被无情的精减，这使得报纸变得不那么全面完整了。但全面完整已不再被视作报业的一种优秀品质。

 

• A year年载；1年
• fled逃走，逃掉( flee的过去式和过去分词 ); 逃离，逃避
• San Francisco旧金山
• chronicling将载入编年史( chronicle的现在分词 )
• Federal Trade commission联邦商务委员会; 美国联邦贸易委员会
• a round一发；一圈
• how to操作方式
• charitable仁慈的，慈善的; 宽恕的，宽厚的; 慷慨的
• subsidize以津贴补助; 以金钱收买; 向…发放奖金; 用贿赂拉拢
• out of date过时的， 陈旧的; 年陈日久; 老掉牙

• inhabit居住; 在…出现; 填满
• troubled混乱的; 焦虑的; 担忧的; 存在诸多问题的; 费神，费心( trouble的过去式和过去分词)
• corner拐角; 角落，角; 困境; 囤积; 驾车转弯; 聚于角落; 垄断; 逼入困境; 位于角落的
• have not冇；未；未有；未尝
• survived幸免于难; 幸存，活下来( survive的过去式和过去分词 ); 比…活得长，经历…之后还存在; 挺过
• profit利润; 收益，得益; 红利; 净值利润率; 有益于…，对…有益的; 得益; 创利润; 获利; 有益
• profit margins利润率( profit margin的名词复数 )
• routine常规; 例行程序; 生活乏味; 一套动作; 常规的; 例行的; 日常的; 普通的
• a few years几年
• all the same尽管如此， 仍然

• afloat在船上; 浮在水面; 漂流着的; 漂浮不定
• overboard越过船边坠入水中; 极其热心的; 全身心投入的
• The American美国公民; 他来自美国
• reckons猜想; <正>计算( reckon的第三人称单数 ); 考虑; <非正>思忖
• newsroom新闻编辑室; 报刊阅览室
• slimmer<英>减轻体重者，减肥者; 苗条的; 细长的( slim的比较级 ); 微小的; 微薄的
• nerve神经; 勇气，胆量; 叶脉; 中枢; 鼓励，激励; 鼓起勇气
• suburbs郊区，城郊( suburb的名词复数 ); 四乡; 隧; 四郊
• desperate绝望的; 由绝望而引起的; 铤而走险的，孤注一掷的; 急切的，极度渴望的
• sadly悲哀地; 忧愁地; 令人遗憾地; 不幸地

• healthier健康的( healthy的比较级 ); 有益于健康的; 反映健康的; 兴旺发达的
• revenues收入( revenue的名词复数 ); 总收入; 收入来源; 税务局
• reliance依靠，依赖; 信任，信赖，信心; 所信赖的人或物
• ads.广告（advertisements）
• according to根据，按照; 据…所说; 如; 比照
• Organization for Economic Cooperation经济合作组织
• OECD经合; 经济合作与发展组织
• proportion比，比率; 比例; 面积; 相称，平衡; 使成比例; 使相称; 使均衡
• surprisingly惊人地，出人意外地
• much more多; 更加

• newsrooms新闻编辑室( newsroom的名词复数 )
• much of大量，许多的
• has been已经
• general business一般业务
• have been已经
• savagely野蛮地; 残忍地; 凶猛地; 粗野地
• cut off切除; 切[隔]断; 剪[切， 砍]下; 迅速离开; 使死亡
• as a result结果， 因此
• no longer不再，已不
• in the newspaper在报纸上

 

( 2010   )  text1:

The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008 (see picture). All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, ①spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise （转让）of many art-buying investors. ②In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. ③Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. ④Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.
The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more volatile. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”
What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. ②The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. ①But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.
21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because _________.
A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories
B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
D. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
【答案】D
【解析】
原因题。根据第一段划线部分可以看出，“这是最后的胜利。在此拍卖之后，在纽约华尔街最老的一家银行，雷曼兄弟，宣布破产保护”。根据常识应该知道雷曼兄弟的破产标志着美国信贷危机正式爆发，所以答案D 是符合这个意思的。
 
22. By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3),the author suggests that_____ .
A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
B. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
D. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
【答案】A
【解析】
推断题。根据题干定位信息到第三段①，根据②可以看出“在艺术领域收藏家远离画廊和拍卖室”。A项的意思是“收藏家们不再积极地参与艺术品拍卖”，与② 的意思基本一致，是正确的。 B项“every kind of spending”的范围太大，实际上是停止了一些投资活动。C项和D项在该段中并没有提及。
 
23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007to 2008.
B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.
C. The market generally went downward in various ways.
D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.
【答案】B
【解析】
该题考察的是对散落在不同段落的细节信息的考察。现在逐项分析：
A项：根据第三段③，可以看出在2007-2008年11月份，现代艺术作品的销售额下降了三分之二，所以A项是正确的。
B项：这个题目的设置应该是根据第二段下划线部分。下划线部分的意思是“艺术品市场带来的利润远大于它自己的规模，因为它聚集了财富、虚荣、贪恋、激情和争议，这是其他行业所不能比拟的”。但是B项是说在发展势头方面艺术品市场超过了很多其他的行业，这是与原文意思有出入的。
C项：根据第三段③④，可以看出现代艺术品销售额大幅下降，世界两家最大的拍卖公司不得不支付两亿多美金保证金给委托他们拍卖艺术品的客户，因为艺术品卖不出去。所以C项是符合这几句话表达的意思的。
D项：根据最后一段话的最后一句，可以看出一些人不急于把艺术品出手，他们在等待信心回归。所以D项是正确的
 
24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are _________.
A. auction houses ' favorites
B. contemporary trends
C. factors promoting artwork circulation
D. styles representing impressionists
【答案】C
【解析】
细节理解题。文中最后一段② 表明“死亡、债务和离婚是将艺术品推向市场的途径”，也就是C项表达的内容。
 
25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___
A. Fluctuation of Art Prices
B. Up-to-date Art Auctions
C. Art Market in Decline
D. Shifted Interest in Arts
【答案】C
【解析】
这是考察文章主旨的题目，整篇文章都是在讨论随着经济危机的爆发，艺术品市场交易量萎缩。因而C项是最符合文章意思的。A项是艺术品价格的起伏，D项艺术品利益变化，过于片面；B项最新的艺术品拍卖，与文章内容不符。

 

• bull run股市活跃期
• a century百年
• Hirst赫斯特 Hurst的变体; 一小块贫脊无收的土地; 河滩
• Sotheby索思比地貌名称，来源于古诺斯语，含义是“村庄南部”(south in the village); 索斯比（拍卖公司名，等于Sotheby's）
• All but几乎， 差不多; 除了…之外
• more than超过; 不只是; 很; 在…次以上
• auctioneer拍卖人，拍卖商; 拍卖
• New York纽约（于1624年建城，位于纽约州东南部，隶属纽约州管辖，下辖五个区。纽约是整个美国的金融经济中心、最大城市、港口和人口最多的城市，同时也是世界最大的城市）
• one of其中之一
• Wall Street华尔街
• bankruptcy 破产

• for a while暂时; 小
• reckons猜想; <正>计算( reckon的第三人称单数 ); 考虑; <非正>思忖
• Clare克雷尔
• McAndrew麦克安德鲁取自父名，来源于Andrew,含义是“安德鲁之子”(son of Andrew)
• five years五年
• Since then其后，从此一直
• come down to屈尊做某事; 归结起来
• egos自我，自尊，自负( ego的名词复数 )
• greed贪婪; 贪心
• in a way在某种程度上; 一点

• of any在所有的…当中
• unfashionable过时的，不流行的; 不时髦的; 过时的，旧式的
• New York纽约（于1624年建城，位于纽约州东南部，隶属纽约州管辖，下辖五个区。纽约是整个美国的金融经济中心、最大城市、港口和人口最多的城市，同时也是世界最大的城市）
• bail-out跳伞，以优先股发给股东作为红利的行为
• thousands of数千的
• away from远离; 相距
• salerooms拍卖场，售货处( saleroom的名词复数 )
• in the year<口>老早以前
• pay out付出; 支付; 惩罚; 松开
• for sale待售

• at the end of在…结尾，在…末端
• in the market有意购买
• Second World War第二次世界大战
• This time这次
• down on瞧不起，歧视，对…有偏见
• on average平均起来
• have been已经
• far more多得多
• chief executive行政长官; 最高层管理者; 元首
• at the bottom在底部

• different from异于…; 不比
• there are有
• in the market有意购买
• interest rates利率( interest rate的名词复数 )
• even though哪怕; 即使，纵然; 即若; 即令
• first half上半时
• for this为此
• at the moment当时; 此刻，现在，目前
• a lack of缺乏，缺少
• does not不

 

Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.
“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”
The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.
①If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins — are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with ②Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.
A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.
“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 ①billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”
Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that ① there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. ②As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.
31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________.
[A] should be further cultivated
[B] should be changed gradually
[C] are deeply rooted in history
[D] are basically private concerns
【答案】A
【解析】
细节信息题。根据第二段整段话的内容，可以看出Dr. Curtis认为还是有一些普遍存在的隐患威胁着人们的健康，但是却想不出改变人们不良习惯的办法，应当向私有企业学习创造新的生活习惯的办法，用肥皂洗手就是企业培养出来的良好习惯。因此可知答案应该为A.
 
32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to______.
[A] reveal their impact on people’s habits
[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities
[C]indicate their effect on people’s buying power
[D]manifest the significant role of good habits
【答案】A
【解析】
事例分析题。第四段和第五段里面提到的种种商品，如牙膏、矿泉水、化妆品、口香糖之类，都是为了作为论据来支持第四段划线部分①内容，所有这些产品都是依赖于被企业制造出来的新的习惯而存在。其他三项的内容文章没有论述。
 
33. which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?
[A]Tide
[B]Crest
[C]Colgate
[D]Unilver
【答案】D
【解析】
细节分析题。根据第四段②和第六段①提到的内容，我们可以看到提到的品牌有A,B,C项，所以D为答案。
 
34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____
[A]perfected art of products
[B]automatic behavior creation
[C]commercial promotions
[D]scientific experiments
【答案】C
【解析】
愿意分析题，根据最后一段划线部分①的提示，可以看出“不断播放的广告把某些行为和与习惯相联系”，也就是说广告会不断地暗示题型人们，从而让人们做出某些行为。由此可见广告是形成某些习惯的原因，因而答案为C.
 
35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____
[A]indifferent
[B]negative
[C]positive
[D]biased
【答案】B
【解析】
态度分析题。根据最后一段②的内容，可以看到对于广告的形成习惯的作用有一些争议，因为这种方法如果用来销售一些有问题的化妆品或者不健康食品，很显然会给人带来危害。所以据此可以推测，作者的态度还是否定的。
 

• perfected使熟练( perfect的过去式和过去分词 ); 使完全; 使…完美; 充分地指导
• behaviors行为( behavior的名词复数 ); 态度; 运转状态; 反应
• billions of数以亿计的；亿万
• snacks零食; 小吃，点心，快餐( snack的名词复数 ); 中不溜儿
• lotions洗液，洗剂，护肤液( lotion的名词复数 )
• counters计数器; 柜台( counter的名词复数 ); 反对; 筹码
• without thinking不假思索
• in response to对…做出反应
• set of一套…
• cues暗示; 提示; 尾白( cue的名词复数 ); 球杆; 向…发出指示信号( cue的第三人称单

• There are有
• public health公共卫生，公共卫生设施
• hand washing手洗
• killers凶手( killer的名词复数 ); 消灭…者; 致命物; <非正>极难的事
• figure out想出; 解决; 计算出; 弄明白
• how to操作方式
• Curtis柯蒂斯(m.)
• learn from向…学习，从…获得[吸取]; 效法
• private industry私人企业
• behaviors行为( behavior的名词复数 ); 态度; 运转状态; 反应

• Curtis柯蒂斯(m.)
• Procter & Gamble宝洁公司总部所在地：美国主要业务：家用化学品
• Unilever联合利华公司总部所在地：荷兰/英国主要业务：食品
• invested投资，花费( invest的过去式和过去分词 ); 授予; 投入
• hundreds of millions亿万; 亿万的
• subtle微妙的; 巧妙的; 敏感的; 狡猾的
• cues暗示; 提示; 尾白( cue的名词复数 ); 球杆; 向…发出指示信号( cue的第三人称单数 )
• corporations法人( corporation的名词复数 ); 组合; 市政委员会
• use to过去常常
• routines程序( routine的名词复数 ); 例行公事; 日常工作; 固定节目

• look hard凝神细视
• every day每天; 天天; 日; 逐日
• air fresheners空气清新剂( air freshener的名词复数 )
• softeners软化剂，柔软剂( softener的名词复数 )
• A century百年
• a day一天
• because of因为，由于; 基于
• canny谨慎的; 精明的，狡猾的; 俭约的
• public health公共卫生，公共卫生设施
• one of其中之一

• many people众人
• outside of在…的外面
• a meal一顿；一餐
• and now那么
• bottled water包装饮用水
• all day long整天; 一天到晚; 终天; 成日
• Chewing gum<美>口香糖，橡皮糖
• a breath一息
• part of部分
• in between在中间

• part of部分
• Carol卡罗尔; 圣诞之歌，颂歌; 卡罗尔舞蹈
• psychologist心理学研究者，心理学家
• Procter & Gamble宝洁公司总部所在地：美国主要业务：家用化学品
• the company芭蕾人生
• Crest克雷斯特; 山顶; 羽毛饰
• last year去年; 上年; 去岁
• essential to对…必不可少
• new products新产品
• commercially viable具商业利益; 有利可图

 

• have learned that聆悉
• there is那儿有; 有着
• habitual习惯的; 惯常的; 习以为常的
• cues暗示; 提示; 尾白( cue的名词复数 ); 球杆; 向…发出指示信号( cue的第三人称单数 )
• new science新科学
• controversies公开辩论，论战( controversy的名词复数 )
• erupted喷发; 爆发( erupt的过去式和过去分词 ); 突然发生; 出疹
• have been已经
• used to过去一向，过去时常，过去曾做; 曾经
• unhealthy不健康的; 对健康有害的; 危险的; 反常的

 

Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for June, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news.

And they were right.

For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace.

We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.

However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked.

There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time.

This figure is now 830,000(4.4 percent) above its year ago level.

Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction.

Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs.

They take part-time work because this is all they can get.

An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market

and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.

There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down.

Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 640,000(7.9 percent)from is year ago level.

We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us.

The survey used by the Labor Department asks people is they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week.

If the answer is "yes," they are classified as working part-time.

The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice.

They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.

The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment.

For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions,

before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.

However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges.

These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families.

With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.

对于劳动部门所报告的六月份新增28.8万个工作岗位和失业率下降至6.1个百分点，很多人都说这是个利好消息。

他们说得对。

因为这表明经济正以适当的速度创造就业。

尽管恢复充分就业的道路还很长，但至少我们正在以更快的速度前进。

然而，就业形势中的另一个重要部分很大程度上被忽视了。

称自己自愿兼职的人的数量猛增了。

现在这个数字比一年前的水平高出83万（4.4个百分点）。

在解释自愿兼职者的数量猛增与奥巴马医改计划的关系之前，还有一个值得去区分的地方。

很多从事兼职工作的人其实想从事全职工作。

他们从事兼职工作的原因是他们只能找到这样的工作。

非自愿兼职工作数的增加说明劳动力市场疲软，

这就意味着很多人将很难维持开销。

虽然六月份的非自愿兼职人数在增加，但总体呈下降趋势。

尽管非自愿兼职就业数依然比经济衰退之前要高得多，但和一年前的水平比，该数字已经下降64万（7.9个百分点）。

从受访者口中我们知道了自愿与非自愿兼职工作之间的区别。

劳动部门所引用的调查问受访者他们在问卷所提及的那周工作是否少于35个小时。

如果受访者的答案是“是”，他们就被归为兼职工作者，

该调查然后问他们在那周工作少于35小时是因为自己不想做全职还是因为他们别无选择。

如果受访者告诉调查者是他们选择一周工作少于35小时的话，那么他们就被归为自愿兼职工作者。

自愿兼职工作这一问题与奥巴马医改计划相关联是因为该计划的主要目的之一就是让人们不就业也能得到医疗保险。

对于大多数人来说，尤其是那些有严重健康问题的人或其家庭成员有严重健康问题的人，

在奥巴马医改计划实施之前，得到医疗保险的唯一途径是找到提供健康保险的工作。

而奥巴马医改计划已让1200多万人通过“Medicaid”或“医保交易所”得到了医疗保险。

这些人先前觉得为了让自己和家人得到医疗保险，就要找到提供该保险的全职工作。

由于有了奥巴马医疗计划，就业和保险之间的联系就不再那么绝对了。

 

• Many people众人
• talked讲话，交谈 talk的过去式; 说话; 讨论; 说( talk的过去式和过去分词 ); 讲的是
• new jobs新增就业位置; 新工作
• Labor劳动; 劳工; 分娩
• reported据报告的，据报导的，据传闻的
• along with连同; 以及; 和…一起[一道]，随着; 除…以外
• drop in投入; <非正>愿意参加; 顺便拜访; 降下
• unemployment rate失业率
• percent百分比，百分数; 百分之一; 百分之…的，每一百中有…的; 百分之…支付利息的; 以百分之…地，每一百中有…地
• as good还是…的好; 倒不如

• For now<口>暂时，目前，眼下
• it appears看来
• economy经济; 节约; 理财; 秩序
• creating造成; 创造( create的现在分词 ); 引起; 封
• jobs职业; 工作( job的名词复数 ); 职责; 作业
• decent正派的; 得体的; 相称的，合宜的; 相当好的
• pace一步; 长度单位; 步幅，步调; 快步; 踱步，走来走去; 步测; 调整步调; 训练马溜蹄; 

• a long way远道; 一段长路
• go to上; 赴; 转到，定位; 奔赴
• get back to答复，反馈
• full employment充分就业
• at least至少; 无论如何，反正
• finally总算; 最后，终于; 末后; 结果
• moving感人的; 活动的，可移动的; 搬家的，搬运的; move的现在分词
• forward向前; 前进地; 至将来; 提前地; 向前方的; 迅速的; 进步的; 早熟的; 促进，助长; 转寄; 发送; 前锋
• faster更快的; 快的( fast的比较级 ); 走得快; 感光快的; 快动作的; 更快地
• pace一步; 长度单位; 步幅，步调; 快步; 踱步，走来走去; 步测; 调整步调; 训练马溜蹄; 踱; 溜蹄; 蒙…恩准，怀着对…的敬意

• picture照片，画像; 图画，图片; 影片; 情景; 构想，想象; 描绘，画; 描述
• largely大部分地，主要地; 大规模地; 丰富地
• overlooked俯视; 忽视( overlook的过去式和过去分词 ); 监督; 不予理会
• jump in投入
• the number数字23
• who谁; 什么人; 关系代词，有先行词; 孰
• report报告; 成绩报告单; 传闻; 流言蜚语; 报道; 公布; 宣告; 告发，举报; 使报到
• voluntarily志愿地; 自动地，自发地
• working工作的; 有工作的; 用于工作上的; 可作为基础的; 工作( work的现在分词); 运作; 运转; 产生效果; 工作; 活动; 制作; 操纵
• part-time兼职的; 部分时间的; 兼职地; 用部分时间地
• Obamacare奥巴马医改计划
• distinction区别; 荣誉; 特质; 卓越
• Many people众人
• part-time jobs兼职，业余工作
• part-time work半日工作
• increase in在…方面增长
• involuntary不由自主的; 无意识做出的，非故意的; 非自愿的，不随意的
• weakness弱点，缺点; 软弱，优柔寡断; 弱，衰弱，虚弱; 〈口〉偏爱，癖好
• labor market劳动市场
• very hard非常困难
• increase in在…方面增长
• involuntary不由自主的; 无意识做出的，非故意的; 非自愿的，不随意的
• part-time兼职的; 部分时间的; 兼职地; 用部分时间地
• general direction大方向
• has been已经
• part-time employment半日工作
• recession经济衰退，不景气; 后退，撤退; 凹处; 退场
• voluntary志愿的; 自愿的，自发的; 故意的，有意的; 无偿的; 自愿者; 自愿行动; 即兴演奏，自选节目; 自愿地做的工作
• asks要求; 询问; 请求; 问( ask的第三人称单数 )
• less than不足; 以内; 小于，决不; 没有
• part-time兼职的; 部分时间的; 兼职地; 用部分时间地
• less than不足; 以内; 小于，决不; 没有
• in that因为
• full time专职，全部时间
• voluntary志愿的; 自愿的，自发的; 故意的，有意的; 无偿的; 自愿者; 自愿行动; 即兴演奏，自选节目; 自愿地做的工作
• taker接受者; 收取者; 同意打赌的人，打赌者; 捕获者
• a week一周；一星期
• Obamacare奥巴马医改计划
• one of其中之一
• outside of在…的外面
• many people众人
• health conditions健康状况; 健康水平
• family members属；家属
• Obamacare奥巴马医改计划
• health insurance健康保险
• more than超过; 不只是; 很; 在…次以上
• full-time job全天工作
• in order to为了…
• there is那儿有; 有着
• no longer不再，已不

 

 

 

 

本文标签： 前导联考英语管理类