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2024年3月17日发(作者:)
词汇学名词解释
:俚语word of this group belong to the sub-standard
language (a category that seems to stand between the standard
general words and informal ones available to everyone) eg
roger(understand),catch(talk to)
sms:古语词archaisms are words or form that were
once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized
or limited use. eg thou(you).wilt(will)
isms:新词语this category refer to newly-created
words or expressions or words that have taken on new meanings.
eg the pill=an oral contraceptive
ns:同化词denizens are words borrowed early in the
past and now are well assimilated into the english
the words they have come to conform to english way of
pronunciation and spelling. eg pork from porc(F) .cup from
cuppa(L)
:非同化词aliens are borrowed words which have
retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg decor(F)
ation loans:译借词translation loans are words and
expressions formed form the existing material in the english
language but modelled on the patterns taken from anther
language. eg ketchup from fanqiejiang(CH dial) lama from
lama(Tib)
ic loans:借义词words of this category are not
borrowed with reference to the form but to the the
other words ,english has borrowed a new meaning for an existing
word in the language. eg Pioneer once signified ‘explorer’
only or ‘person doing pioneering work’, and it now has taken
on the new meaning of a member of the Young Pioneer’
versus bound morphemes:自由语素粘着语素
Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are
free .free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves
and can be used as free grammatical units in they
are identical
With words,for example,man,earth,wind,car and
t,ideal and prison can stand by themselves and thus
are free the rest re-,-ion,-ist,-ic,ex- and -er are
bound as none of them freestanding units
tional versus inflectional morphemes:
①morphemes wich are used to derive new words are known
as derivational morphemes.
eg clear+ance,life+like.
②.Inflection morphemes:曲折语素indicate the syntactic
relationships between words and function as grammatical
tional morphemes are confined to suffixes. There is
the regular plural suffix -s (-es) which is added to nouns such as
machines,fridges,desks,radio and potatoes.
:词缀affixes are forms that are attached to words or
word elements to modify meaning or s can fall into
prefix and suffix. Eg prefixes:pre-,ex-,and de- suffixes:-less,-
dom,-ic,-s,-ed)
tion:词缀法affixation is generally defined as the
formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational
affixes to base. Affixation fall into two subcategories:prefixation
and suffixation.
①prefixation前缀法is the formation of new words by adding
prefixes to -means not:non-smoker,non-classical.
②suffixation:后缀法is the formation of new words by adding
suffixes to -ful:meaning’amount’contained’一
mouthful,handful.
/doc/,pounding:(复合法)
compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or
more bases. eg these example show that compounds can be
written
solid(silkworm),hyphenated(honey-bee) and open(tear gas).
sion转类法conversion is the formation of new
words by converting words of one class to another class. Eg
simple (adj)一simplify(v)简化
ng:拼缀法blending is the formation of new words
by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another
word. eg smog is the result of putting smoke and fog together.
ng:截短法another common way of making a word is to
shorten,or clip a longer word,known as clipping. eg plane and
exam are sometimes use in place of aeroplane.
my:首字母拼写法acronymy is the process of
forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite
names of social and political organizations or phrases used as
technical terms. Eg. V oa voice of america
-formation:逆生法back-formation is considered to be
the opposite process of suffixation. eg diagnosis一diagnose,
donation一donate
reduplication(语音重叠法)sound reduplication is
the formation compound words by repeating the same element
with little or no change. eg flip一flop人字拖,fingle一fangle标立
异/doc/,monization of proper
names:专用名词普遍化when proper names are changed into
words in use,the process is called commonization. eg ‘ohm from
German physicist ohm .
opoeic motivation:拟声理据in modern English
one may find some words whose phonetic forms suggest their
meanings as the words were created by imitating,the natural
sounds or ,ping一pong,haha.
logical motivation:形态理据compounds and
derived words are muti-morphemic words and the meaning
many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined. eg
airmail means ‘to mail by air’
ic motivation:语义理据semantic motivation is the
mental associations bases on the conceptual meaning of a
other word,it is the figurative sense of the word. eg when
we say the mouth of a river,we associate ‘the opening part of
the river’with ‘the mouth of a human being or an animal’
ogical motivation:词源理据the origins of words
often throw light on their meanings. eg the word laconic
meaning ‘brief ‘ or ‘short’ is derived form lacons.
24.t ypes of homonyms
①homonyms:同形同音异义词perfect homonyms also
known as absolute homonyms are words identical both in sound
and spelling. eg bear n(a large heavy animal) bear v (to put up
with)
②homographs:同形异义词are words identical only in spelling
but different in sound and meaning. eg sow v(to scatter seeds)一
sow n (female adult pig)
③homophones:同音异义词are words identical only in sound
but different in spelling and meaning. Eg dear n(a love
person) ;deer n (a kind of animal).
ion of meaning:词义的扩大extension of meaning
refers to the process by which a word of wide meaning acquires
a narrower or specialized sense. eg journal一daily paper一
periodical
ing of meaning:(词义的缩小)narrowing of
meaning is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires
a narrower or specialized sense. eg girl一young person of either
sex 一female young person
ion of meaning:(词义的升华)elevation refers to the
process by which words rise from humble beginnings to
positions of importance. eg angel一messenger一messenger of
God. ation of meaning:(词义的降格)degradation is a
process whereby words of good origin
fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used
in derogatory sense. eg silly一happy一foolish.
erence of meaning:(词义的转移)words which were
used to designated one thing later changed to mean something
else.
ism:(委婉语)people tend to avoid mentioning
taboo and specific unpleasantnesses directly and try to employ
pleasant terms to express the ideas.
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