社心3章：社会信念和判断（二）

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HOW DO WE JUDGE OUR SOCIAL WORLD?

As we have already noted, our cognitive mechanisms are efficient and adaptive, yet occasionally error-prone.  Usually they serve us well. But sometimes clinicians misjudge patients, employers misjudge employees, people of on race misjudge people of another, and spouses misjudge their mates. The results can be misdiagnoses, labor strife, racial prejudices, and divorces. So, how — and how well — do we make intuitive social judgement？

        When historians describe social psychology's first century, they will surely record 1980 to the present as the era of social cognition.  By drawing on advances in cognitive psychology — in how people perceive, represent and remember events — social psychologists have shed welcome light on how we form judgements. Let's look at what that research reveals of the marvels and mistakes of our social intuition.

Intuitive Judgments

直觉判断

What are our powers of intuition — of immediately knowing something without reasoning or analysis?     Advocates of "intuitive management" believe we should tune into our hunches.     When judging others, they say, we should plug into the non-logical smarts of our "right brain."    When hiring, firing, and investing, we should listen to our premonitions.    In making judgments, we should trust the force within.

我们的直觉能力是什么 — 不用推理和分析就能立即知道一些信息？ “直觉管理”的提倡者认为，我们应该听从我们的直觉。 当我们评判他人时，我们应该利用右脑的非逻辑智慧。 当我们招聘、解雇和投资时，我们应该听取我们的预感。 当做判断时，我们应该相信内心的力量。

        Are the intuitionists right that important information is immediately available apart from our conscious analysis?    Or are the skeptics correct in saying that intuition is "our knowing we are right, whether we are or not"?

        直觉主义者认为，除了我们的意识分析之外，重要信息可以立即获得，这是正确的吗？还是怀疑论者说得对，直觉是“我们知道我们是对的，不管我们是否真的对”？

        Priming research hints that the unconscious indeed controls much of our behavior.    As John Bargh and Tanya Chartrand (1999) explain, "Most of a person's everyday life is determined not by their conscious intentions and deliberate choices but by mental processes that are put into motion by features of the environment and that operate outside of conscious awareness and guidance."     When the light turns red, we react and hit the brake before consciously deciding to do so.      Indeed, reflect Neil Macrae and Lucy Johnston (1998), "to be able to do just about anything at all (e.g., driving, dating, dancing), action initiation needs to be decoupled from the inefficient (i.e., slow, serial, resource-consuming) workings of the conscious mind, otherwise inaction inevitably would prevail."

        心理引导的研究表明潜意识的确控制了我们大部分行为。 正如约翰·巴尔格和塔尼娅·查特兰德（1999）所解释的那样，”一个人日常生活中的大部分不是他们的有意识意图和深思熟虑的选择决定的，而是环境特征所触发的心理过程决定的，这些心理过程是在意识和指导之外的运行。” 当等转为红色，我们做出反应并在意识决定前就踩住刹车。 正如尼尔·麦克雷 (Neil Macrae) 和露西·约翰斯顿 (Lucy Johnston) 在 1998 年所指出的，“为了能够做任何事（例如开车、约会、跳舞），行动的发起需要与低效的（即缓慢、串行、资源消耗大的）有意识思维过程脱钩，否则不行动就不可避免地会盛行”。

The powers of intuition

"The heart has its reasons which reason does not know," observed seventeenth-century philosopher-mathematician Blaise Pascal.   Three centuries later, scientists have proved Pascal correct.      We know more than we know we know.   Studies of our unconsious information processing confirm our limited access to what's going on in our minds (Bargh & Ferguson, 2000; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Strack & Deutsch, 2004).    Our thinking is partly controlled (reflective, deliberate, and conscious) and — more than psychologists once supposed — partly automatic (impulsive, effortless, and without our awareness).        Automatic, intuitive thinking occurs not "on-screen" but off-screen, out of sight, where reason does not go.      Consider these examples of automatic thinking:

17世纪哲学家兼数学家布莱士·帕斯卡（Blaise Pascal）曾指出：“心自有其理，是理智所不知的。”三百年后，科学家们证明了帕斯卡的说法是正确的。   我们知道的比认为自己知道的更多。   关于我们无意识信息处理的研究（Bargh & Ferguson, 2000; Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Strack & Deutsch, 2004）证实了我们对大脑中发生的事情的了解是有限的。  我们的思维部分受到控制（反思性的、深思熟虑的、有意识的），而且——比心理学家曾经设想的还要多——部分思维是自动的（冲动的、毫不费力的、无意识的）。自动的、直观的思维不是在“屏幕上”发生的，而是在屏幕之外，在视线之外，是理智无法触及的。以下是一些自动思维的例子：

        ① Schemas are mental concepts or templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations.    Whether we hear someone speaking of religious sects or sex depends not only the word spoken but also on how we automatically interpret the sound.

        图式是引导我们感知和解读的直观心理概念或模板。我们听到的是宗教派别还是性，不仅取决于所说的词汇，还取决于我们如何自动解读这些声音。

        ② Emotional reactions are often nearly instantaneous, happening before there is time for deliberate thinking.    One neural shortcut takes information from the eye or the ear to the brain's sensory switchboard (the thalamus) and out to its emotional control center (the amygdala) before the thinking cortex has had any chance to intervence (LeDoux, 2002).     Our ancestors who intuitively feared a sound in the bushes were usually fearing nothing.      But when the sound was made by a dangerous predator, they become more likely to survive to pass their genes down to us than their more deliberative cousins.

        情绪反应往往几乎是瞬间的，来不及有时间进行深思熟虑。 一个神经捷径会把眼睛或耳朵接收到的信息传递到大脑的感觉中枢（丘脑），然后传递到情感控制中心（杏仁核），而思维皮层还来不及干预（LeDoux，2002）。 我们的祖先本能地害怕灌木丛中的声音，但通常那里什么都没有。然而，当声音来源于危险的捕食者时，这些本能地感到恐惧的祖先比那些更为理智（深思熟虑）的同类更有可能存活下来，并将他们的基因传承给我们。

        ③ Given sufficient expertise，people may intuitively know the answer to a problem.    Many skills, from piano to swinging a golf club, begin as a controlled, deliberate process of following rules and gradually become automatic and intuitive (Kruglanski & Gigerenzer, 2011).    Master chess players intuitively recognize meaningful patterns that novices miss and often make their next move with only a glance at the board, as the situation cues information stored in their memory.    Similarly, without knowing quite how, we recognize a friend's voice after the first spoken word of a phone conversation.

        鉴于丰富的专业知识，人们可以直觉地知道问题的答案。 从弹钢琴到挥高尔夫球杆，很多技能起初都是一个受控的、刻意的遵守规则的过程，然后逐渐变的自动化和直觉化。 国际象棋大师可以凭直觉识别出新手忽略的有意义的棋局模式，并且通常只需要看一眼棋盘，就会根据储存在记忆中的情境线索信息走下一步棋。 同样地，尽管我们并不知道是怎么回事，但在电话交谈中，只要对方说出第一句话，我们就能认出朋友的声音。

        ④ Faced with a decision but lacking the expertise to make an informed snap judgement, our unconscious thinking may guide us toward a satisfying choice.     

本文标签： 信念社会社心