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2011年考研英语(一)完形标准答案
How Humor Makes You Friendlier, Sexier
Amusing Exercise March 25, 2009 scientificamerican
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodilyexercise precious to
health.” But despite some claims to the contrary, chuckling probably has little influence on
physical er does produce short-term changes in cardiovascular function and
respiration, boosting heart rate, respiratory rate and depth, as well as oxygen
consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to sustain, a good guffaw is unlikely to
have measurable cardiovascular benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
In fact, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercisedoes, laughter
apparently accomplishes the opposite. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that
laughter relaxes muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the guffaw
subsides.
Such physical relaxation might conceivably help moderate the effects of
psychological stress. After all, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of
physical feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. According to one classical
theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted in physical reactions. American
psychologist William James and Danish physiologist Carl Lange argued at the end of the
19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but that they become sad when
the tears beginto flow.
Although sadness also precedes tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow
from muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz
Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany and his colleagues asked volunteers to
hold apen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips,
which would produce a disappointed expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling
muscles reacted more exuberantly tofunny cartoons than did those whose mouths were
contracted in afrown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just
the other way around. Similarly, the physical act of laughtercould improve mood.
Additional studies have shown that laughing at a funny film can cause a drop in the
blood’s concentration of the stress hormone cortisol (although other stress hormones
appear to be unaffected). Because chronically elevated cortisol levels have been shown
toweaken the immune system, this mechanism could conceivably help ward off disease.
Indeed, experiments have indicated that laughterincreases the activity of immune cells
called natural killer cells in saliva in healthy subjects.0
2011年考研英语(一)完形填空的标准答案
1. [C]despite
2. [D]produce
3. [B]boosting
4. [B]sustain
5.[A]measurable
6. [B]In fact
7.[A]opposite
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