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Vocabulary
listening vocabulary
coach = bus ( a long motor vehicle with comfortable seats, used to take groups of people on journeys. )
minibus, not 'mini bus' . (a small bus. )
pssport photos, not 'pssport phptos'
corporation: a large company.
cooperate: to act or work together for a particular purpose.
desert, not 'dessert'
military, not 'miltary'
crisis, not 'crise',
a crisis, not 'a cirse'
a tailor, not "a tailer"
low-risk, not 'lower risk'
technical, not 'techinical'
full-time course
full-time, not 'full time'
part-time, not 'part time'
yoga, not 'yogo'
bottle , not 'bottom'
double ≠ w
make appointments, make an appointment
w l ≠ double l
ll , double l ≠ wl
m ≠ n
h ≠ ah ex:
wednesday ≠ wednesdays (C16- test1-Part1, To give staff enough time to clear up after the first work shop, the classes are moved to Wednesdays. )
by hand , not 'by hands'
therapy，not 'theorapy'
take a taxi, not 'taxis' , eg: taxi provided after midnight (C18 -test2-part1)
one Sunday off every four weeks = No work on a Sunday once a month.
technical, not 'techinical'
military, not "miltary"
perfume , not 'perfuine'
waist, not 'whist'
visible, not "visable"
a kind of profession, not 'a kind of professions'
customer's reference number consists of alphabet letters or/and Arabic numerals, for example, 39745T. Don't forget the letter.
if A→B→C→D ,then D was originally A （C18-Test4-Part2）
specialist = expert
play hard（勤勉工作，娱乐丰富) = fun
visit centers in the region = local travel involved = to move or go from one place to another
reading vocabulary
审题
①表格题，电脑界面有时候显示不全，如果不注意滑动左右，很容易没有看到完整的题目。
②在Part 1 reading中，填空题可能会要求不同的词数。如前面说"NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS",中间突然说"NO MORE THAN ONE WORDS"。这个时候，一定要审题。
writing vocabulary
otherwise ≈ in another way
otherwise ≈ or
innovation
The evidence doesn't add up. = The evidence isn't reasonable.
on the minus side...
in that= because
on top of something = in addition to something
up to = used to say that something is equal to or less than but no more than a stated value, number, or level.
synonyms in IELTS
https://ieltspracticeonline/list-of-top-100-synonyms-in-the-ielts-test/
- important = crucial (extremely important), significant(amount or effects large enough to be important)
- common = universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be every where)
- abundant = ample (enough and usually extra), plentiful (enough for people’s needs and wants)
- stick = adhere, cling (hold on something tightly)
- neglect = ignore. (difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.)
- near = adjacent (two things next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)
- pursue = woo (man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek (if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL)
- accurate = precise (precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact (correct in every detail)
- vague = obscure (unknown or known by only a few people)
- top = peak, summit
- competitor = rival, opponent (especially in sports and politics)
- blame = condemn (if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)
- opinion = perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)
- fame = prestige (describe those who are admired), reputation
- build = erect (you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish
- insult = humiliate (do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)
- complain = grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)
- primary = radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental
- relieve = alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)
- force = coerce into (coerce means you make someone do something she/he does not want to), compel
- enlarge = magnify (magnify means make something larger than it really is)
- complex = intricate (if something is intricate, it often has many small parts and details)
- Lonely = solitary (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her)
- small = minuscule (very small), minute,
- praise = extol (stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political)
- hard-working = assiduous (someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly)
- difficult = arduous (if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts)
- poor (soil) = barren, infertile (used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it)
- fragile = brittle, vulnerable (someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically)
- show = demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means to make it clear to people.)
- big = massive (large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal (use this word, you emphasize something’s large), tremendous (informal)
- avoid = shun (if someone shuns something, she/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it.)
- fair = impartial (someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.)
- attack = assault (physically attack someone), assail (attack violently)
- dislike = abhor (abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reasons), loathe (dislike very much)
- ruin = devastate (it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.)
- always = invariably (the same as always, but better than always)
- forever = perpetual (a perpetual state never changes), immutable (something immutable will never change or be changed)
- surprise = startle (it means surprise you slightly), astound (surprise you to a large degree), astonish(the same as astound)
- enthusiasm = zeal (a great enthusiasm), fervency (sincere and enthusiasm)
- quiet = tranquil (calm and peaceful), serene (calm and quiet)
- expensive = exorbitant (it means too expensive that it should be)
- luxurious = lavish (impressive and very expensive), sumptuous (grand and very expensive)
- boring = tedious (if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating)
- respect = esteem (if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her. FORMAL)
- worry = fret (if you fret about something, you worry about it)
- cold = chilly (unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold)
- hot = boiling (very hot)
- dangerous = perilous (very dangerous, hazardous) (dangerous, especially to people’s safety and health)
- only = unique (the only one of its kind), distinctive;
- stop = cease (if something ceases, it stops happening or existing)
- part = component (the components of something are the parts that it is made of)
- result = consequence (the results or effects of something)
- obvious = apparent, manifest
- based on = derived from (can see or notice them very easily)
- quite = fairly
- pathetic = lamentable (very uncomfortable and disappointing)
- field = domain (a particular field of thought, activities or interest)
- appear = emerge (come into existence)
- whole = entire (the whole of something)
- wet = moist (slightly wet), damp (slightly wet), humid (very damp and hot)
- wrong = erroneous (incorrect or partly correct)
- difficult = formidable
- change = convert (change into another form)
- typical = quintessential (this word means represent a typical example of something)
- careful = cautious (very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible)
- ability = capacity, capability (the same as ability)
- strange = eccentric (if some one is eccentric, she/he behaves in a strange way, or his/her opinion is different from most people)
- rich= affluent (if you are affluent, you have a lot of money)
- use = utilize (the same as use)
- dubious = skeptical (if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.)
- satisfy = gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction)
- short = fleeting, ephemeral (if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time)
- Scholarship = fellowship
- smelly = malodorous (used to describe an unpleasant smell)
- ugly = hideous (if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)
- attractive = appealing (pleasing and attractive), absorbing (something absorbing can attract you a great deal)
- diverse = miscellaneous (a miscellaneous groups consists of many different kinds of things)
- disorder = disarray, chaos
- crazily = frantically (used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way)
- rapid = meteoric (ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly)
- ordinary = mundane (very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual)
- despite = notwithstanding (FORMAL)
- best = optimal (used to describe the best level something can achieve)
- sharp = acute (severe and intense)
- unbelievable = inconceivable (if you deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen )
- puzzle = perplex (something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it)
- method = avenue (a way of getting something done)
- famous = distinguished (used to describe people who are successful in their career)
- ancient = archaic (extremely old and extremely old-fashioned)
- decorate = embellish (embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)
- possible = feasible (if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved)
- so = consequently, accordingly
- rare = infrequent (doesn’t happen often)
- greedy = rapacious (greedy and selfish)
- individuals,characters, folks = people,persons
- nowadays = currently
- dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill = be less impressive
- reap huge fruits = get many benefits
- for my part, from my own perspective = in my opinion
Weblinks
IELTS PRACTICE ONLINE
https://ieltspracticeonline/138-common-linking-words-for-the-ielts-test/
Reading Subjects
Agriculture
refreshments are included.
Light refreshments will be available at the back of the hall.
Architecture
Sebastian George, an author in England, bought a house in 1902. The house and its grounds became the family haven and their escape to privacy and quiet. The walls, and the mullioned windows were made from (were built of ) the local sandstones, the tiles on the roofs and the bricks of the chimeny stack were baked from local clay, and the wooden structures inside came from the oak trees which grow around here,
You can go into two directions. To the right is a staircase that takes you up to a landing from where you can look down on the galleries. To the left is a room called A, where there is lots of seating.
I want to take up residence in Beijing in the future.
Biology
A team of vets and park rangers flew over the park in helicopters and targeted a group, which were rounded up and directed to a designated open plain. The vets then used darts to immobilise the elephants – this was a tricky manoeuvre, as they not only had to select the right dose of tranquiliser for different-sized elephants but they had to dart the elephants as they were running around. This also had to be done as quickly as possible so as to minimise the stress caused.
(C18-test1-part4)
Business
Only a certain number are available, and you have to make seat reservations for these in advance.
Money doesn't necessarily buy happiness, but without mony you can't live a happy life.
City and Environment
example of the location of a cafe
As chair of the town council subcommittee on park facilities, I'd like to bring up to date on some of the changes that have been made recently to (the Park/ the Valley/ the Ground, etc.) So if you could just look at the map I handed out, let's begin with general overview.
The (Cafe/ Park , etc) is still in the same place, looking out over the lake and next to the (Museum, Bridge.)
The (mounement/ ramp/ ) is near the (Old museum, Park, etc), at the end of the little path that leads off from the main path between the (lake, forest). and the (museun, ground, etc).
We've also introduc, ed a area for wild ( flowers, forests, etc), to attract (bees and butterflies, etc). It's on the bend to the path that goes round to the east side of the lake, just (south, north, west, east, etc) of the (playground).
example of protecting the environment
Environmental problems have reached such proportions that some people feel that the only way to resolve the issue is dependent on international cooperation. I dont't believe only International organizations can solve the problem. In fact, whether the problem can be solved is up to everybody, who , if united together, can do great difference. Nevertheless, if people are not concerned about the environmental issues and are not united, the international organizations may not be as effective as expected.
(Costal, local, etc) cities can't deal with the problems on their own, can they? They've got to start acting together at an international level, instead of doing their own things. However, the thing is, everyone knows what the problems are and environmentalists have a pretty good idea of what we should be doing about them, so they should be able to work together to some extent. But it's going to be a long time before countries come to a decesion on what principles they are prepared to abide by.
We have tried to deal with pollution in two different ways. One approach is pollution cleanup, which involves cleaning up or diluting pollutants after we have produced them. For example, we can use tall smokestacks to dilute and reduce the local effects of air pollutants. The other approach is pollution prevention, effort focused on greatly reducing or eliminating the production of pollutants. For instance, we can enact pollution control laws to ban, or set low levels for, the emission of various pollutants into the atmosphere or into bodies of water. (T. Miller and S. Spoolman, Environmental Science, Cengage Learning, 2015,pp.11.)
（T. Miller and S. Spoolman, Environmental Science, Cengage Learning, 2015, pp.401.）
We have lots of fascinating indoor and outdoor exhibits on our huge complex, spreading hundreds of hectares.( C8 test2, Listening, section2)
The masters of the fairest and most wealthy climates of the globe turned with contempt from gloomy hills, assailed by the winter tempest, from lakes concealed in a blue mist, and from clod and lonely heaths, over which the deer of forests were chased by a troop of barberians.
(The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, pp.33)
On a hot summer's day, the trees along this path provide a welcome shade. (C6-test3-section3)
Economics
"The importance of the geographical locus is considered here not so much from the point of view of strategy as from the point of view of economics."(Key Economic Areas In Chinese History，1936, pp.2. ) ≈ Compared with the point of view of economics, the importance of the geographical locus is considered not so much from the point of view of strategy. ≈ The importance of the geographical locus is considered mainly from the point of view of economics, not mainly from the point of view of strategy. example:Gone are the days when people stuck to one occupation and lived in the same place in their entire lives. These days, people change their professions and migrate from place to place in a more rapid succession. I believe this is a positive trend.
As far as I'm concerned, changing job is beneficial for cultivating well-rounded employees. The intervening nature of business nowadays urges that employees should be multifaced rather than only having expertise in one particular area. Changing working atmosphere can increase the chance of learning new technology and developing new problem solving skills. For example, a large proportion of mangers of IT companies in the Silicon Valley had served in different companies. Their administrative ablity and professional knowledge were gradually accumulated in their multiple working experiences.
In addition, the changes of occupation usually results in the flow of people, which could finally boost the economy. These versatile migrant employees could be essential for a country's economy which is increasingly reliant on machinery but could hardly boom without truly experienced talents. A case in point is the prosperity of Shenzheng, an economic and finanicial center in Southern China. Half of the residents in the city are migrant people, including engineers, executives, businessmen, workers, teachers and so on. These workforces bring hi-technology, scientific management, and vigorous labour to the city, contributing to its property.
Admittedly, these two changes also play negative role in the development of some companies. The sustainable development of a company or an organization depends on the stability of staff members. The same is true when it comes to changing places of residence. It has been reported that a company or a district loses its engine to develop when the person with ability leaves. If a person leaves his job frequently, it may be not very good for himself.
In conclusion, changing occupation and place of living rapidly is an irreversible trend under the influence of the scientific and technological development. Despite the concerns and worries, switching one's career and residence could be beneficial for producing versatile employees and the economy of the society. Therefore, I firmly believe it is a positive development.
example:
Peter: How satisfied with the service are you? Do you have any comment?
Jane: It's very convenient and quick, but this morning it was late.
(C18-test1-part1)
demands exceeds supply.(供不应求)
Education
In my university, students are expected to write an essay each term, which counts towards student's final assesment. Students also have a case study to do by the end of the course, which might involve doing a survey or something like that, and also they need to hand in a short report every four weeks. That's qutie a lot of work, then, on top of working every day.
I need time to order my thoughts.
Histroy
Man make his own history, not only under conditions that histroy hands on to him, but also through the writing of the past history. This is because history itself is historical and can only be understood by each epoch, and be of service to it, in the light of its own experience. New experience gives rise to new historical insight, and in the light of new understanding, new problems can be formulated, old and new evidence can be found, and significant facts can be selected out of a multitude of seemingly meaningless data. Thus history must be rewritten in order to answer the need of man in each epoch. The writing of history is part of man's efforts to harness the forces of history, and this task becomes particularly urgent at each turning point in the historical process.
(C. A. Chi, KEY ECONOMIC AREAS IN CHINESE HISTORY, NewYork: Routledge, 2019,pp.13; 冀朝鼎著，朱诗鳌译：《中国历史上的基本经济区》，北京：商务印书馆，2014年，第1页。)
At the age of fourteen, Zhou declared that his motivation for pursuing education was to "become a great man who will take up the heavy responsibilities of the country in the future."（Wikipedia）
Law
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.—That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, —That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. ("The Declaration of Independence", https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript.)
Literature and Writing
致谢词（学习“同义替换”） ：be indebted to, be obliged to, sth is due to,
I wish to express my sincere gratitude (appreciation, etc ) to ...
I'm deeply indebted to ...
I'm also obliged to ...
My gratitude is also due to ...
To ..., he owns a debt that he cannot expect to repay.
I also desire to thank...
To his wife, without whose interest and encouragement the book would never have been written, the authors's indebtedness is beyond acknowledgement.
（Key Economic Areas In Chinese History，1936，pp.3）
引用
"If they're flexible, we're flexible", the official was quoted as saying.
She worked, to quote her daughter, "as if there were no tomorrow".
( https://dictionary.cambridge/dictionary/english/quote )
Natural and Science
Beside the carts are display boards with information about each one.
From the thick darkness of the old ages, man's struggling spirit emerged as in new birth; breaking out of that iron control of that period; growing strong in the tug and din of succeeding conflict and revolution, it bounded forwards and upwards with resistless vigour to the investigation of physical and moral truth.
(Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia MathematicaPhilosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathemati, New York: Danile Adee, 2009. pp.9.)
News and Media
Writing task:
Some people think news have no connection to people's lives, so then it is a waste of time to read the news in the newspaper and watch television news programmes. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Scaffolding Fabrics:
It is common these days that people spend several hours on reading newspapers and on watching TV news programs everyday. Some people argue that citizens should not read newspapers or read TV news report as these have no relation to their lives. However, I tend to disagree with this statement.
Admittedly, news agencies and TV stations spend too much coverage on reporting celebrity scandals and rumours about politicians, which indeed has no direct connection to people's lives. The primary purpose of reporting these news is to foster the circulation instead of benefiting people's lives. It is true that newspaper companies and TV stations make huge profits from broadcasting these types of news. Even worse, if people read these news, they may be badly influenced by these negative role models. This indicates that there are sound reasons why people should stop reading newspapers and watching TV news watching.
Nevertheless, just as a saying goes, every coin has its two sides. The reasons why I disagree with the statement are as follows. Firstly, people can accumulate knowledge through reading newspapers and watching TV news programmes, which means people may learn the culture and history of other countries. A good illustration of this opinion is the live broadcasting of the election of the president in the USA. People in different countries learn the spirit of America. Apparently, people can broaden their vision and horizon from newspaper-reading and TV news watching. Secondly, reading newspapers and watching TV news can provide people with useful information. This is to say that the information from newspapers or TV programmes can be well used to help people solve questions. A case in point is that many businessmen read financial news in order to help them to make investments. Another example is that farmers usually read weather forecast to help them decide when to seed the farmland or do their harvests. These examples show that reading newspapers or watching TV programmes can deliver critical information, which are beneficial to our lives.
In conclusion, with the development of IT technology as well as the development of modern printing industry, people will be increasingly exposed to both conventional and unconventional mass media. It is obvious that the advantages of reading news far outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore, people should read newspapers and watch TV shows wisely without being absorbed in them.
(the end)
idiom:
like the sound of something = to feel happy or satisfied about a piece of information you have just heard
Philosophy
Albert Einstein says: "The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thiking."
Synthesis and analysis are two aspects (phases, etc) of the same process, and cannot be mechanically seperated.
(C. A. Chi, KEY ECONOMIC AREAS IN CHINESE HISTORY, NewYork: Routledge, 2019,pp.1;冀朝鼎著，朱诗鳌译：《中国历史上的基本经济区》，北京：商务印书馆，2014年，第2页。)
Politics
"A long period of unity must eventuate in division; a long period of division must eventuate in unity." (Romance of the Three Kingdoms《三国演义》)
Take an example to illustrate the power of love. We should remember how Chinese people of all ethnicities responded to the call to help the victims of the deadly earthquake in Sichuan Province in 2008.
To quote the ancient Roman philosopher Seneca, Senica, the Roman philosopher, is quoted as saying that
When fighting an intense battle, does anyone think of how much prize they will get? The most important thing is doing my best and racing against time to achieve the final battle.
Gettysburg Adress
by Abraham Lincoln
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.We are met on a great battle-field of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live.It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground.The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us —that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion —that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain —that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom —and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
(Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Adress, phoenix.baicizhan)
Psychology
William Osler says: " We are here to add what we can to life, not to get what we can from it."
Charles Chaplin says: "You have to believe yourself, this is the secret of life."
It might be hard to accept, but if she likes someone else, the best thing you can do is to move on（to leave the girl ).
Sociology
Different age groups would be much more likely to show up differences. Maybe twenty-five or under for one group, and forty-five or over for the other group.
Wishing you good luck in all your future endeavors.
Wishing you all the best along each step of your journey.
I wish you all the best.
May you get all the success and happiness that you deserve.
Sports
I belong to a sports club so I go there a lot. I'm quite competitive so I enjoy that side of it as well as the execcise.
Swimming is the star water sport, because it is easy, cheap and because most of us know how to practice it. Swimming is one of the complete exercises that exist since we exercise a high number of muscles in our body. In addition, we also strengthen and improve our cognitive capacity, since when we immerse ourselves in water, the flow of blood from our brain increases. It also helps to elevate our mood, because when we practice it, we release neurotrophic factors in the brain. We can do it anywhere, but we have to be careful with the currents and waves because even if it looks as though it is a safe place, it could play a trick on us. （Mercè Bou,Water Sports, 07/06/2019 ,https://healthywaymag/fitness/water-sports）
Technology
We Choose to Go to the Moon
We meet in an hour of change and challenge, in a decade of hope and fear, in an age of both knowledge and ignorance. The greater our knowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds.
Despite the striking fact that most of the scientists that the world has ever known are alive and working today,the vast stretches of the unknown and the unanswered and the unfinished still far outstrip our collective comprehension.There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet.Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again.But why, some say, the moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? We choose to go to the moon.We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard,because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win.
(John F. Kennedy, We Choose to Go to the Moon, seagull.baicizhan)
Transport
The train to Beijing leaves every 2 hours on weekends and every half hour on weekdays.
The journey takes about 2 hours.
The car has seating for 6.
Writing Task 1
Maps
example of a farmyard
(C11 test1 section 2)
The maze is opposite the New Barn, beside the side path that branches off to the right just over there.
The scarecrow you can see in the park in the corner, beside the main path, is a traditional figure for keeping the birds away from crops.
You can see the bridge crossing the Fish Pool further up the Main Path. Go towards the Bridge, and turn right just before it. Walk along the Side Path and the cafe's on the first bend you come to.
If you take the Side Path to the right, here, just by the New Barn, you'll come to the Building H just where the path first bends.
example
The diagram below shows the development of village of Kelsby between 1780 to 2000. Summarize the information, compare if necessary.
The maps show how an area changed during the period from 1780 to 2000. In 1780, there were 100 homes located on the north-eastern corner of the region with woods to the south. A river crossed the area from north to south with four farms in the middle of the region. 80 years later, the number of dwelling places doubled to 200, while the number of farms dropped by half and woods also shrank in size. A road was built in the north of the area, connecting the homes and the river. Another major change is that a bridge was constructed over the river. In 2000, the farms in the middle of the region disappeared. Next to the farm relics is a new road, which linked the homes with newly-built schools and sports fields on the southeastern corner. The number of residential dwellings increased to 500, and there were some shops lying along the river with a wetland for birds.
Overall, this area saw an increase in construction such as dwellings, schools and facilities, although farmland and forests were removed for new buildings and transport infrastructure.
Tables
example:
The table below illustrates the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in Australia in 1999.
(新东方：《雅思阅读讲义》第48页。)
The households of single adult and sole parent were much likely to be living in poverty, with 21% and 19% respectively.
The proportion of people living in porverty, who are from the household of couple with children, was only 12%。
The family type, for which the highest proportion of people from each households type living in poverty was recorded, was the type of sole parent, at 21%, comprising 232,000 people . While the households of aged couple were least likely to be linving in poor, with 4% only, consisting 48,000 people.
As for singe aged person family, the proportion was 6%. For couples without children, the proportion was 7%.
example:
The table below are the results of research, which examined the percentage of boys and girls whose marks were above the passing grade. The subjects are divided into different ages in several school subjects.
将上表截取一部分简化，作如下整理：
The table describe the percentage of students, aged 7, 10, 13 and 15 based on different gender, whose scores achieved above the passing line in the subjects of Math, Science, Geography, Language and Sports.
The subjects, for which the highest proportion was recorded, were Sports, at 75%(boys) , and Languages, at 75% (girls). Apart from these two subjects, the performance of boys and girls was comparatively similar. It is obvious that both boys and girls aged 15 had the same proportion in Geography, at 64%.
example:
The figure in the table reveal the quality of life in five countries in 1982, namely Bangelash, Bolivia, Indonesia, Egypt and the USA.
It is clear from the table that America's GNP was considerably higher than that of others, achieving at 1160 dollars per head. It's daily calories supply for each person was also the highest at 3652. Meanwhile, Americans enjoyed the longest life at 74 years, while their infant mortality was the lowest at only 1.2%. In contrast, the people in Bangladesh lived the poorest lives of all. This was most evident in its GDP at only 140 dollars per head, as well as the lowest of the five countries. Besides, it's daily calories and life expectancy were also the least, at 1877 each person and 40 years respectively, while it's infant mortality rate was the highest at 13.2% being nearly ten times of American. The other three countries maintained middle positions. The per head GNP of them, in decreasing order, was Egypt ($690), Indonesia ($580) and Boliva ($570) . The similar patterns can be seen in the other three columns. Specifically, life expectancy in Indonesia wa 1 years less than Bolivia, while it's infant mortality was 1% less, compared with Egyptian. Overall, it can be seen that there are significant differences in every aspect of quality of life in five countries.
Curves
example of crime:
The ( line ) curves (above) illustrate the number of cases of (crimes, etc) in the UK between the years 1990 and 2000. It can be seen that the ( crimes , etc) decreased dramatically to 200 cases around the middle of the 1990s and then increased to 2000 cases before the year 2000.
example of smoking:
The graph compares the rate of smoking for males and females in the UK between 1965 to 2014. It is clear that the rate of smoking for both man and woman made a steady increase from 1985.
In 1970, about 600 men in every 1,000 were smokers, and this number dropped gradually to 400 in 1995 and continued to decrease until 2010. On the contrary, the rate of smoking in women in 1970 was fairly low at merely 80 female smokers per 1,000 women. By 1975 this figure increased to 200, and to 300 in 1995. But after 2005, the rate of smoking in females began to decline and continued on this downward turn until 2010.
In conclusion, the rate of smoking in men and women dropped significantly throughout the period. But the smoking rate of women remained lower than that of men druing the period.
example of patients:
The line curve above illustrates the number of patients recorded as having pneumonia on different dates in December. (现在时态)
During the first few days of December, the number of cases of the pneumonia disease remained steady, and followed by a slight decrease, before the number rose dramatically between the 8th and the 11th of December. The number of cases of the disease then reached a peak on the 12th, fluctuating slightly until 15th, and then fell sharply over the following two days. There was a slight increase up to to the 19th when the number reported for the disease dropped steadly and finally reached their lowest point on the 31th of December.（过去时态）
Overall, the number of pneumonia patients was high between the 7th and 15th of December. It is clear that by the middle of the month, there were only a few cases pneumonia recorded.（过去时态）
example:
(说明：这幅图有多条线段，分别有两种趋势。)
By briefly glancing at this line graph, it is apparent tha there were major shifts in employment patterns in South Korea between the years 1960 to 2000.
Notably,the percentage of agriculture sector had a mssive drop between 1960 and 1990, which was from 80% to 15% . Then the percentage remained steady between 1990 and 2000. Conversely, other sectors rose in varying degrees, which includes professional, manufacturing, business and so on,
Manufacturing in South Koera made a steady gains in the period of 1960 to 1990 and then shot up from 40% to 65% in the ten years following until 2000. The IT industry was slower to take off and made up only 15% of employment in 1980. However, there was a dramatic increase from 1980 to 2000. As for business and trade, there was a decline from 1980 to 1990, yet the percentage of which increased dramatically from 1990 and became the highest among other sectors in 2000. The fluctuated change of the business is similar to the change of professional, while the percentage of the latter is much lower than that of the former.
example: people living in cities from 1970 to 2040 in four Asian countries
The graph compares the changes of the percentages of the population living in cites in four countries, namely, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, from the year 1970 to 2040.
In 1970, the proportion of population living in urban areas stood at nearly 14%, 19%, 30% and 32% in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Philippines respectively. Notably, the percentage of the population living in city in Malaysia and Indonesia has a sharp increase, at 80% and 60% each, predicted in 2030. Compared with Indonesia, Thailand has a low increase, remaining steady from 1990 to 2020, and is predicted to be at 45% in 2040. As for Philippines, the proportion reached at 50% in 1990, fluctuating slightly until 2020. After that, a steady growth is predicted between 2020 and 2040 , by which time it is thought to be at nearly 55%.
Overall. although with fluctuation, the overall change of population in the four countries reveals an upward trend.
example of Climate Chage (Global Warming)
(Figure 15.18)
Over the past 900,000 years, the average global atmospheric temperature near the earth's surface has fluctuated widely.
Over the past 900,000 years, the atmosphere has experienced climate change as a result of prolonged periods of considerable atmospheric warming and atmospheric cooling that led to ice ages (Figure 15.18). These alternating cycles of freezing and thawing are known as glacial and interglacial periods.
(T. Miller and S. Spoolman, Environmental Science, Cengage Learning, 2015. pp.402.)
增长：rise, increase, growth, reach
the (rate/ figure/ number, etc) made a steady increase (from 1985 to 2005, etc).
the (rate/ figure) increased (to 200,etc).
the (rate/ number/ figure) rose dramatically.
the (number/ rate/ figure) reached a peak.
There was a slight increase
There was a rapid leap ( a sudden/ dramatic rise, a marked increase, a huge growth)
下降：decline, decrease, fall, drop, plunge,
the rate began to decline.
the (number, rate, figure) followed by a slight decrease.
the (number, rate, figure) fell sharply (steadly/ slightly)
the (number, rate, figure) dropped steadly.
there is a steady drop (a slight fall, a small decrease, etc.)
平稳：remain steady, unchanged, no change, a flat trend.
the (rate, number, etc) remained steady/ unchanged.
the rate continued on this downward.
the (number, rate, figure, etc) fluctuated slightly.
the number had no change.
there is a flat trend.
极值点：
the rate was fairly low.
the number reached their lowest point.
Verb → Noun
Bar Chart
example:
The chart below shows the number of households in the USA by their annual income in 2007, 2011 and 2015. Summarise the information selecting and reporting the main features， and make comparisons where relevant.
The bar chart gives information on the number of households in the USA by their annual income in three different years, with 4 years interval, starting from 2007 and ending in 2015.
Those whose income over $100,000 were the majority of US households.
*the highest income group, earning more than $100,000, experienced an important change. This group demonstrated an upward trend, escalating from nearly 30 million households in 2007 to a peak of 33 million in 2015, despite a slight dip to 27 million recorded in 2001.
*a majority of US households had an income of $100,000 or more.
According to the chart, the number of households within $75,000 to $99,999 was the lowest throughout the period, nearly at 15 millions.
*the number of households within the $50,000 to $99,999 income range was lower.
*the number of households earning between $75,000 and $99,999 remained relatively stable over the eight years period.
*the figures remained consistent throughtout the period, with 21 million households earning between $25,000 and $49,999, and approximately 15 million households earning between $75,000 and $99,999.
There were 25 million households earning less than $25,000 in 2007, slightly fewer than the 27 million households eraning between $49,999 and $74,999.
the $75,000 to $99,000 income group was nearly 15 millions.
*the highest income group (above $100,000) experienced an upward trajectory.
*the lowest income group (below $25,000) experienced an upward trajectory.
*the income group below $49,000 showed a minor increase in its numbers.
Pie Chart
example1 of education:
The pie charts ( line curves, etc) below illustrates (shows, demonstrates, etc ) the different levels of education achieved by women in China over the past three decades.
example:
The pie charts below show units of eletricity produced by fuel source in Australia and France from 1980 to 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features. Make comparison where relevant if necessary.
The pie charts give information on the electricity production from fuel sources in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.
Between these years, electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 units in Australia and 90 units to 180 units in France. In 1980, Australia used coal as the main electricity source, about 50 units, and the remainder was produced from hydro power, natural gas, oil, at 25 units, 20 units, and 10 units respectively. By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more than 75% of electriciy produced, and hydro power continued to be another significant source of supplying, approximately 20%, while natural gas and oil become less important in electircity supply, only 4 units in total.
In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was matched by natural gas. The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and natural gas, at 20 units and 15 units respectively, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000, nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced 50 units.Other sources, such as natural gas and hydro power, are not significant.
Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources. Australia relied on coal and France depent on nuclear power.
对象：
the percentage of
the proportion of
the number of
比例：
the highest
the greatest
the most
the lowest
the smallest
the least
Diagram
The diagram illustrates the process that is used to produce bricks for the building indurstry.
The diagram explains the way in which bricks are made for the building industry. Overall, there are seven stages in the process, which are as follows.
To begin with, the clay, which consists mostly of raw material of bricks, is dug up from the ground by a large digger. Then, the clay is placed onto a metal grid, which is used to break up the clay into smaller pieces. A roller assists in this process. Following this, sand and water are added to the clay, and this mixture is turned into bricks by either placing it into a mould or using a wire cutter. Next, these bricks are placed in an oven to dry for 24-48 hours. In the subsequent stage, the bricks go through a heating and cooling process. They are heated in a kiln at a moderate and then a high temperature (ranging from 200c to 1300c), followed by a cooling process in a chamber for 2-3 days. Finally, the bricks are packed and delivered to their destinations.
example:
The diagram shows a structure that is used to generate electricity from wave power. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The two diagrams show how electricity can be generated from rise and fall of water caused by sea waves.
The process involves a structure which is mounted on the side of a cliff or sea wall. This structure consists of a large chamber. One end is open to the sea, and the other leads into a vertical column, which is open to the atmosphere. A turbine is installed inside this column and this is used to generate the electricity in two phases.The first diagram indicates that when a wave approaches the device, water is forced into the chamber, applying pressure on the air within the column. This air escape to atmosphere through the turbine, thereby producing electricity. The second diagram illustrate the next part of the process when wave retreats. As the water level falls, the air from outsite the column is sucked back in through the turbine. As a result, electricity continues to be generated. The turbine rotates only in one direction, regardless of the direction of the air flow.
In conclusion, we can see that this structure is useful as electricity is generated in both phases: entering and retreating of water.
Writing Task 2
Agree or disagree
example:
The most important aim of science should be to improve people's lives.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
For some people, the goal of science is considered to be improving people's lives. As far as I'm concerned, science has a great influence on people's lives , but the most important goal may not be just this. It is pursuing truth that matters a lot.
Science does improve humans' living standards a lot. Take an example to illustrate this , we should not forget the equipment around us in daily life, such as transportation tools, home electronic machines, modern interesting toys and so on. We can't imagine how the world will be if there is no science.
However, there is some subjects which seem useless to people's lives. If people just focus on what benefits can be brought by science to their life, then they will ignore some important science theory which may have profound influence in the future. For example, Newton found the law of the gravity, Einstein came up with the theory of Relativity. At that time, people didn't know how the theories would benefit them. Nevertheless, with time going by, the true value of the theory has appeared greatly.
Furthermore, truth is of great significance in science. By studying science, people learn how to be a reasonable person, with the ability to analyse, to conclude, to detect and to express. This is the way to an educated person. Don't be a person full of lies, that is contradict to the spirit of science. In the history of science, a great deal of scientists have lost their lives just for telling truth or pursing truth. Here we are also dedicated to pursuing truth so that we can make service to human beings or even to the all lives of this planet. That's the goal of science.
In conclusion, I firmly believe that improving people's lives is just one of goals of science. It is pursuing truth that matters a lot.
Advantages and disadvantages
example:
In the future, there will be driverless cars. The only people driving in these vehicles will be passengers.
Do you think the advantages of driverless vehicles outweigh the disadvantages?
(c16-test4-part 2)
With the development of science and technology, it can be inferred that there will be more driverless cars in the future. As far as I'm concerned, the advantages of driverless vehicles far outweigh the disadvantages.
The first advantage of this trend is that ...Take an example to illustrate this
Another advantage is that ... For instance...
There are, however, some disadvantages which shouldn't be neglected.
Discuss
The issue of global warming has been discussed in recent years. However, there are different opinions on whether...
Some people believe...
Others, on the opposite side, hold the view that...
Some scientists claim that...
On the other hand, some people argue that...
My view is that...
Reasons and sollutions
example:
Heavy road traffic has become a challenging problem in many cities. This essay will discuss the causes of this problem and give some suggestions about it.
The reason why traffic jams consequently happen lies in the fact that...
There are some reasons for a traffic jam, which are as follows.
Effective measures should be taken to tackle this problem on both government and individual levels.
In conclusion, although the problem is severe, it can be solved by people's strength and effort.
Reading Skills in IELTS
阅读题，先看题目，然后再读文章。边读文章边做题。读完之后，题目也做完了。
True, False, Not Given
判断True 还是Not Given
核心判断原则:“False”定义中的“contradict”，也就是选项（C）和原文（A）能否共存。
如果C和 A可以共存，那么这道题就选NG；
如果C和 A不能共存（contradict），那么就选F;
如果C 是A 的“同义替换”，那么就选T。
Choice
注意，选项考的也是“同义替换”。
Listening Skills in IELTS
审题：
首先细审题。看是"NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS"还是"NO MORE THAN ONE WORD"，抑还是"NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS"，“ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER”....审题永远是第一位。
听力填空题
听录音的时候，可以全部用小写或数字把所听的记下来，避免打字时候因大小写转换导致错过录音重要信息。大小写转换，在检查的时候完成修正。每段录音结束，会留有时间供你检查的。
考的仍然是“同义替换”，这就意味着录音中的内容和题目中的内容出现同义替换。（eg: C16-test2-part4, 题目中的“take exercise”对应录音内容中的 "daily activities"。"process things more quickly" 对应 “make it work faster”。) 只有找准位置，才能不答题时候答串行。找准位置的依据，就是“同义替换”。
听力选择题：
第一遍读题，快速浏览所有题干，读懂题目，知道问的是什么，听的时候有所准备。如果还有时间，第二遍读题，仔细阅读选项，比较选项的异同，并划出选项中的核心词汇。
边听边答。
（1） 对于简单的填空题，听的时候就可以作答。
（2 ）对于复杂的多选题，读题时间有限，选项过长，我们就先只读题干，确定每道题干的关键词，明确题目信息.
接下来具体听每道题目，要抓住每个选项中的关键词（主要是名词，一般不会“同义替换”，所叙述的对象）。根据关键词定位信息，看录音中的“同义替换”是否和选项文本一致。
正确选项，听的时候需要关注录音中的重点词。如but,其后往往是选项的答案。
错误选项，往往分为如下类型：无中生有；有中生无；与题无关；
无论是正确选项还是错误选项，其出现的顺序和原文出现的顺序基本一致。所以可以一个接着一个地看，并根据内容及时做出选择。
读选项，听题，作答，有的时候要同时并行。
留心“转折信号词”（but, however, yet）,"but"、"however" 之后一定是考点。
(eg: C16-test1-part2, "however"之后，Stevenson was given the opportunity to make goods for hospitals and other players in the healthcare industry, and that's what the company did for the first five years. )
留心“否定词”（no, not, don't, none) .干扰选项通常会选择“颠倒是非” ，由于忽视了这些否定词，导致意思理解截然相反。（eg: C16-test2-part2-14）
留心（as well, also, too）,这类词语通常指向对话中两个人共同面对的问题。（eg: C16-test2-part3-24, "Both students had problems with......"）
听的时候注重时态。（现在时，过去时 Ved，将来时will V,be going to V。）汉语很少听到时态，所以容易忽略。但是英语出题考点可能就会有时态。 （eg:C16-test 2-part2-19,20）
听的时候注重单复数。填空的时候，所听的单复数，即答案的单复数。
雅思听力本质考的是原文当中和题干当中的“同义替换”能力。
不选违反常规的选项。
生动具体、重复原词的选项通常不正确。
录音中第一个出现的题目选项往往是干扰项，选择时候要通常慎重。如果听完之后，觉得AB两个选项都可以，无法判断时候，那么选择录音中在后面听到的选项。（ex:C16 test 2 part2,第11题）
"慎改"，一遍之后即可，不要重复修改，既浪费时间，还容易“做对改错”。
不要回顾之前做过地的，专心投入下一道，快速准确地审题，专注地解决后面的问题。“往者不可谏，来者犹可追。”
要学会简写，要抓住时间把后面的听清楚。等到听完后，再完善答案。
听力文章，要全部听完。不要因为题目做完了，就没有听完录音，很有可能最后一道题你是答错了，需要听完录音后才知道。不要想当然。
Essential Tips for IELTS Listening Section 3:
- Listen to the introduction and example audio properly to be able to recognize different voices well.
- While focusing on the underlined keywords in the question, it is also important to understand the question because some of the keywords in the options or the complete option itself may be paraphrased in the audio.
- Using 1 minute to get an overview of the section would help you to familiarize yourself with the questions.
- Remember that while listening to the audio, you have to be quick enough to move your eyes over all the questions as well as options so that you are aligned up well with the audio and there is no chance of skipping a question.
- Lastly, do remember that information in the audio always flows in the same order as the order of question. So, you have to be continuously going on by immediately moving to the next question instead of looking back for any skipped question or unsurely marked answer.
（参考文献链接 https://ieltsonlinetests/listening-tips ）
总结：①每个听力部分前，都会给一分钟让你提前看题目。用这一分钟，提前看完并圈点题目中的关键词。②在听录音的时候，一定要学会快速看选项。一个是要锻炼自己的阅读速度，一个是要锻炼自己的理解速度。
Speaking Skills
When I finish the conversation, I can use such sentences as below:
|
During my conversation, I can use such linking words: moreover, furthermore, what's more, and so on.
To express your thoughts and feelings, it’s not appropriate to just say “I think”, use different kinds of phrases, which are listed below.
| if you ask me To my mind To be honest In my opinion Personally As far as I concerned |
To illustrate stages, use different kinds of linking words, which are as follows.
| first second third |
| to begin with in addtion on top of that last but not least |
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