新教材外研版选择性必修第四册Unit5 Into the unknown单词短语句型

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2023年12月29日发(作者：)

Unit 5 Into the unknown

词汇积累

①intrigue v．（因奇特或神秘而）激起……的兴趣，引起……的好奇心

②make a discovery做出发现；发现

③comparison n．比较；对比；相比

④correspond to相当于；相符合

⑤be 以……为基础

⑥spot n．斑点；污迹 v．看见；发现

⑦dismiss v．拒绝考虑，否定

⑧extend v．使伸长；扩大；扩展

⑨impressive adj.令人赞叹的；令人敬佩的 impression n．印象 impress v．使钦佩；使敬仰；给……留下深刻的好印象

⑩representative adj.典型的；有代表性的n.代表；销售代表

⑪extraordinary adj.意想不到的；令人惊奇的

⑫apply A to B 把A应用到B

⑬accurate adj.正确无误的；精确的accuracy n．准确(性)；精确(程度)

⑭character n．(人、集体的)品质，性格；(地方的)特点，特性；(事物、事件或地方的)特点，特征，特色

⑮syllable n．音节

⑯interpret v．诠释；说明

⑰primitive adj.原始的；远古的

⑱abandon v．离弃，逃离

⑲decline v．减少，衰弱；谢绝；婉言拒绝

⑳take back退回；退还；归还；收回，撤回(所说的话或想法)

21claim v．宣称；声称；断言；要求(拥有)；索取；认领；索要

○22collapse v．(突然)倒塌，坍塌；(尤指因病重而)倒下，昏倒，晕倒；(尤指○工作劳累后)坐下，躺下放松

23conflict n．冲突；争执

○24indicate v．表明；显示；象征

○25play a part in 贡献力量；起……作用

○26landscape n．(陆上，尤指乡村的)风景，景色

○27unknowingly adv.未意识到地；不知不觉地；无意中

○28lead to 导致；通向

○29far 修饰形容词的比较级

○30be likely to do sth.可能做某事

○31at different rates以不同的速度

○32fall into ruin毁灭；毁坏

○33meanwhile＝at the sLame time ＝in the meanwhile 与此同时

○

1．civilise v．文明化；教化→civilisation n．文明→civilised adj.文明的

2．ruin n．残垣断壁，废墟→ruinous adj.毁灭性的→ruinously adv.毁灭地

3．dismiss v．拒绝考虑，否定→dismissal n．摒弃；不予考虑→dismissive adj.轻蔑的

4．abandon v．离弃，逃离→abandoned adj.被离弃的；被遗弃的→abandonment

n．离弃；遗弃

1．bury v．将……埋在下面，覆盖；埋葬，安葬，丧失；掩藏(感情等)；使陷入，把……插入

①The house was buried under ten feet of snow. 覆盖

②She's 85 and has buried three husbands.

③He had learnt to bury his feelings.

④He walked slowly，his hands buried in his pockets.

丧失

掩藏

插入

2．abandon v．离弃，逃离；遗弃，抛弃；舍弃；中止；放弃(信念等)

①He gave the order to abandon the ship.

②They abandoned the match because of rain.

③Critics accused him of abandoning his principles.

④This is a baby abandoned by its parents.

Words and Phrases

知识要点1 correspond v．相一致；符合；类似于；相当于；通信

[教材P50] Through comparison，he found that the locations of the 117 known

Maya cities correspond to the positions of the stars.

通过比较，他发现117个已知玛雅城市的位置与恒星的位置相对应。

[例1] Your account of the event does not correspond with/to hers.

你对事情的陈述与她说的不相符。

[例2] The two maps of London correspond closely.

这两张伦敦的地图很相似。

[造句] 他的行为与观点不一致。

His actions do not correspond with/to his ideas.

[知识拓展]

(1)correspond with/to

correspond with

(2)corresponding adj.

与……相一致；符合

与……通信

相应的，相关联的

舍弃

中止

放弃

遗弃

知识要点2 bury v．埋住；把(某物)掩藏在地下，埋藏；掩盖，遮盖

[教材P50] Based on this，he believed he had spotted an unknown Maya city

buried deep in the jungle.

基于此，他相信他发现了一个埋在丛林深处的未知的玛雅城市。

[例1] The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it.

海盗们过去常把金子埋藏在那个洞里，可后来却没能取走。

[例2] He'd had to bury his pain over the years.

他不得不将痛苦掩藏多年。

[造句] 狗把骨头埋在花园里。

The dog buried its bone in the garden.

[知识拓展]

(1)bury one's head/face in one's hands 用手捂住头/脸

bury oneself in＝be buried in 埋头于；专心于

(2)be buried in thought 沉思

知识要点3 apply vi.申请；适用；请求 vt.申请；应用

[教材P50] They applied this understanding to the Maya calendar，which was

accurate to within 30 seconds per year.

他们把这种理解应用到玛雅历法中，精确到每年30秒以内。

[例1] The new technology was applied to farming.

这项新技术被应用于农业。

[例2] We should try to learn economic theory and apply it.

我们应努力学习经济理论并能应用。

[造句] 这个规则并不能适用于所有的情况。

You can not apply this rule to every case.

[知识拓展]

(1))for

apply to do sth.

apply to

apply oneself to

(2)application n.

applicant n.

(向……)申请

申请去做某事

适用于(to为介词)

把……应用于……

致力于，集中精力于

请求；申请，申请表；应用

申请人

知识要点4 decline vi.下降；衰弱，衰退；谢绝，婉言拒绝

[教材P51] Yet，within just a couple of generations，it began to mysteriously

decline.

然而，仅仅几代人之后，它就开始神秘地衰落。

[例1] The economy continued to exhibit signs of decline in September.

9月份，经济继续呈现出衰退的迹象。

[例2] This decline in vigour with the passing of time is called ageing.

这种随着时间流逝的活力衰退就叫作衰老。

[造句] 他的健康状况最近开始恶化。

His health has begun to decline recently.

[知识拓展]

(1)a

in decline＝on the decline

(2)decline to do sth.

decline

在……(方面)的下降

处于衰退中，下降

拒绝做某事

下降了/下降到……

知识要点5 claim v．声称；断言；要求(拥有)；索取；认领 n．声明；宣称；断言；(尤指对财产、土地等要求拥有的)所有权；(尤指向公司、政府等)索款，索赔

[教材P51] When Europeans arrived in Central America in the early 16th century

to claim its riches，the remaining Maya people were living in small settlements.

当欧洲人在16世纪初来到中美洲索要其财富时，剩下的玛雅人就住在小的定居点里。

[例1] Now they are returning to claim what was theirs.

如今他们回来索取本属于他们的东西了。

[例2] You should be able to claim the cost from the car insurance.

你应该能从汽车保险中索取这笔费用。

[造句] 你可按你的保险索赔你遗忘在火车上的大衣。

You can claim on your insurance for that coat you left on the train.

[知识拓展]

(1)claim to do sth./

claim to have done sth.

It is

(2)make a claim for sth.

声称做某事/声称……

声称做过某事

据说

要求； 对……提出赔偿要求

知识要点6 lead to 引起，导致；通向

[教材P51] This is likely to have led to a series of droughts，each lasting for a

couple of years，including a “megadrought” around 900 AD.

这很可能导致了一系列的干旱，每一次都持续了几年，其中包括公元900年左右的一次“超级干旱”。

[例1] Technological changes will inevitably lead to unemployment.

技术变革必然会导致失业。

[例2] This can lead to bodily weakness and muscle wastage.

这样可能会导致身体虚弱和肌肉萎缩。

[造句] 这可能会导致巨大的压力。

This can lead to significant stress.

[知识拓展]

lead do sth.

lead /into ＋n.

lead a．..life

lead the way

使某人做某事

带领某人去/进入……，使某人得出 (观点)

过……的生活

引路，带路

除lead to外，常见的表示“引起，导致”的词汇还有：cause，result in，bring

about，contribute to等。

知识要点7 rate n．速度；进度；比率；率；价格；费用v.评估

[教材P51] Many scientists believe that these droughts were the main reason why

Maya civilisation began to collapse at different rates in different places.

许多科学家认为，这些干旱是玛雅文明在不同地方开始以不同速度崩溃的主要原因。

[例1] The disease has spread at an alarming rate.

这种病以惊人的速度传播开来。

[例2] The car was going at the rate of 40 miles an hour.

轿车以每小时40英里的速度行驶。

[造句] 他正以每小时70英里的速度行驶。

He is driving at the rate of seventy miles an hour.

[知识拓展]

at any rate (强调事情的真实性)无论如何，不管 怎样

at this/that rate(informal) 照此情形；如此下去

birth/unemployment/divorce/crime rate

rate sb./sth. highly

be rated as

出生/失业/离婚/犯罪比率

对某人/某事评价高

被认为

知识要点8 ruin n．残垣断壁，废墟；毁灭；失去工作(或地位等)；破产

[教材P51] Its once-great cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later

people to solve.

它曾经辉煌的城市都毁灭了，留下了各种各样的谜团让后人去解开。

[例1] The scandal brought about his ruin.

那件丑闻使他身败名裂。

[例2] The farmers say recent inflation has driven them to the brink of ruin.

农民们说最近的通货膨胀使他们濒临破产。

[造句] 这些寺庙已破败不堪。

The temples have fallen into ruin.

[知识拓展]

fall into ruin

go to rack and ruin

in ruins

衰败

变得一团糟

毁坏；严重受损；破败不堪

知识要点9 abandon vt.(不顾责任、义务等)抛弃；停止(支持或帮助)；舍弃；逃离n.放任；放纵

[教材P52] But the greatest mystery of all is what caused the Maya to abandon

most of their great cities.

但最神秘的是什么导致玛雅人遗弃了他们大部分的大城市。

[例1] I decided not to abandon John when he was in such a desperate position.

我决定不在约翰走投无路的时候抛弃他。

[例2] The study showed a deep fear among the elderly of being abandoned to

the care of strangers.

研究表明，老人十分害怕被丢给陌生人照管。

[造句] 这个婴儿被母亲遗弃了。

The baby was abandoned by its mother.

[知识拓展]

(1)abandon sb.

abandon sth.

abandon oneself to sth.

(2)abandoned adj.

(3)with abandon

遗弃某人/停止支持某人

放弃某事/舍弃某物

沉溺于(某种情感)

抛弃了的；废弃的；放纵的

纵情；放任地

知识要点10 dismiss v．摒弃(想法等)，丢开；把(人)解雇，解职； 使……离开；解散(集会等)；拒绝考虑，否定

[教材P52] Although his theory has been dismissed by scholars, it shows how

powerful the secrets of Ancient Maya civilisation are among people.

虽然他的理论已经被学者们所否定，但它显示了古代玛雅文明的奥秘在人们心中是多么的有影响力。

[例1] Three workers were dismissed for being lazy.

三个工人因怠惰而被解雇。

[例2] The rich man didn't mind at all dismissing a servant from his place.

那个富翁对解雇佣人一点也不在意。

[造句] 这个男的被解雇了。

The man was dismissed from his job.

[知识拓展]

dismiss sb. for sth.

dismiss sb. from

因为……而解雇某人

把某人从……解雇

dismiss sb./sth. from one's mind 试图忘记某人或者某事

dismissal n. 解雇，免职

Sentence Patterns

重点句式1 whatever引导让步状语从句

[教材P51] Whatever the reasons，Maya civilisation largely disappeared

within the deep jungle.

不管是什么原因，玛雅文明基本上消失在丛林深处。

句式分析：句子中whatever the reasons 是整个句子的让步状语从句。

[例1] Whatever you do，don't look for a pay increase when you know the

company is going through some difficulty.

不管你做什么，在知道公司遭遇困境时不要指望加薪。

[例2] Whatever you want to chat about，we'll do it tonight.

不管你想聊些什么，我们今晚聊个够。

[造句] 不管你在做什么，当你想抽烟的时候就做点别的事情吧。

Whatever you are doing，do something else when you want to smoke.

[知识拓展]

(1)whatever，whoever，whichever，whomever既可引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句，在引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter what/who/which/whom。

(2)whenever，wherever，however引导让步状语从句时，相当于no matter

when/where/how，意为“无论何时/何地/如何”。

“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句，可放在主句前或主句后。

[翻译1] 无论结果怎样，我们都要微笑着接受，因为我们已经尽全力了。

Whatever the result is，we should accept it with a smile，because we have tried our

best.

[翻译2] 无论距离有多远，我们都感觉彼此很亲近。

However far away we are，we feel close to each other.

重点句式2 leave＋宾语＋宾语补足语

[教材P52] Meanwhile，the rise and fall of this civilisation must also leave us

thinking about our own past，present and future.

同时，这个文明的兴衰也必须让我们思考自己的过去、现在和未来。

句式分析：此句中的us 是leave 的宾语，是us 的补足语。

[例1] If you leave the water running when you don't use it，you are wasting.

如果不用水时你还让水一直流着，你是在浪费。

[例2] Don't leave the light on when you are not in the room.

当你不在房间时，别让灯开着。

[造句] 别让她在雨中等你。

Don't leave her waiting for you outside in the rain.

[知识拓展]

(1)leave＋宾语＋名词/形容词/副词/介词短语

(2)leave＋宾语＋分词

(3)leave＋宾语＋不定式

(4)leave＋宾语＋where引导的地点状语从句/as引导的方式状语从句

在leave的复合结构中，宾补为现在分词时，通常表示主动、进行的动作；宾补为过去分词时，通常表示被动、完成的动作；宾补为不定式时，通常表示动作尚未发生。

[翻译1] 使我失望的是她让我一个人完成这项工作。

What disappoints me is that she leaves me to finish the work by myself.

[翻译2] 把东西放在能够再次找到的地方，你们应该把这一点作为一条规则。

You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again.

[教材P50] The fact that Maya society was technologically primitive makes its

achievements all the more incredible and mysterious.

分析：这句话的主语是the fact，the fact 指的是(或者说内容是)Maya society was

technologically primitive，这句话的宾语是its achievements，all the more incredible

and mysterious 起补充说明作用。

译文：玛雅社会在技术上是原始的，这使得它的成就更加不可思议和神秘。

教材

applied this understanding to the

Maya calendar，which was accurate to

within 30 seconds per year.

高考

(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)．..we had to write a

paper on how we plan to apply what we

would learn in class to our future

(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Does Kilimanjaro

deserve its reputation as a crowded

mountain with lines of tourists ruining the

atmosphere of peace？

once-great cities fell into ruin，leaving various mysteries for later people

to solve.

Words and Phrases

知识要点1 check out调查，检查，核实； 结账离开(旅馆等)

[教材P54] So while you may be tempted to check out a strange object or to test

the waters of a new situation，it can be safer to steer clear of the unfamiliar.

所以，当你想要查看一个陌生的东西或尝试一个新环境时，避开不熟悉的东西会更安全。

[例1] This photocopy machine is not working properly. Could you check out

the problem?

这台复印机不正常工作了，你检查一下好吗？

[例2] Check out how many key skills you already have and find out which ones

you might need to develop!

核实你已经具备了多少关键技能，并找出哪些是你需要提升的吧！

[造句] 或许我们应该去趟图书馆，查个明白。

Maybe we ought to go down to the library and check it out.

[知识拓展]

check in

check over/through

check on sb./sth.

(在旅馆、机场等)登记

仔细检查；核对；核查

检查，查看(是否安全、令人满意或在

知识要点2 set out 出发，动身；陈述，阐明

[教材P54] In more recent times, Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen endured

one of the most hostile environments on Earth when he set out into uncharted territory

to reach the South Pole.

在最近一段时间里，挪威探险家罗尔德·阿蒙森经历了地球上最恶劣的环境之一，他踏进了未知的区域，去往南极。

[例1] When setting out on a long walk, always wear suitable shoes.

当出发进行长途步行时，一定要穿合适的鞋子。

[例2] We set out to paint the whole house but finished only the front part that

day.

我们开始着手粉刷整幢房子，可是那天只完成了前面的部分。

[造句] 他已经实现了他3年前的奋斗目标。

He has achieved what he set out to do 3 years ago.

[知识拓展]

set off 出发，动身；使爆炸；引起，激发

set about doing sth.＝ set out to do sth.

aside

set down

set up

set sail

set sail for

set sail from

开始/着手做某事

把……放到一旁；省出，留出(钱或时间)

写下，记下；制定；规定

建立，创立；建起，竖起

启航

启航前往……

从……启航

知识要点3 if any 如果有的话

[教材P56] Today，some 500 years after the Esmeralda set sail，there is little－if

any－land on our planet left unexplored.

今天，在“埃斯梅拉达号”启航大约500年后，我们的星球上几乎没有未经探索的陆地了。

[例1] What one quality，if any，do you like the most about your partner?

你最喜欢你伴侣的哪一点，假如有的话？

[例2] Problems，if any，should be solved without delay.

有问题要及时解决。

[造句] 就算有困难，也不会太大。

There won't be much difficulty，if any.

[知识拓展]

if possible

if necessary

if so

if ever

if not

如果可能的话

如果必要的话

如果是这样的话

如果曾经有的话

不这样的话

知识要点4 lie v．躺；平躺；平卧；平放；处于，保留，保持(某种状态)n.

谎言；位置

[教材P56] Fragments of the past lying deep beneath the oceans are still waiting

to be discovered.

过去的碎片深埋在海底，仍等待着被发现。

[例1] I should lie down for a bit，if I were you.

如果我是你，我就会躺一会儿。

[例2] Why don't you go upstairs and lie down for a bit?

你为什么不上楼去躺一会儿呢？

[造句] 他正躺在树荫下，想着下一步做什么。

He was lying in the shade of a tree，thinking what to do next.

[知识拓展]

(1)tell a lie/lies

a white lie

(2)lie to sb.

lie in

lie down

说谎；撒谎

善意的谎言

对某人撒谎

在于，位于

躺下

lie on one's back/side/stomach 仰卧/侧卧/俯卧

(3)liar n.

[明辨异同] lie/lay

词义

说谎

躺；位于

放置；下蛋

原形

lie

lie

lay

词性

vi.

vi.

vt.

过去式

lied

lay

laid

过去分词

lied

lain

laid

现在分词

lying

lying

laying

说谎者

知识要点5 imagine v．想象；认为

[教材P57] Imagine bone-white coral 6，000 metres below the ocean's surface，growing at the rate of only one or two millimetres per year.

想象一下，在海平面以下6，000米处的白骨珊瑚，以每年只有一两毫米的速度生长。

[例1] He could not imagine a more peaceful scene.

他想象不出比这更祥和的景象。

[例2] She couldn't imagine living in a place like that.

她无法想象住在那样一个地方。

[造句] 你能想象生活中没有电是什么样的情景吗？

Can you imagine what it would be like to live without electricity?

[知识拓展]

(1)imagine(sb./sb.'s)doing sth.

imagine sb.//

imagine＋从句

(2)imagination n.

beyond imagination

(3)imaginative adj.

想象(某人)做某事

把某人/物想象成……

想象……

想象；想象力

超乎想象，出乎意料

富有想象力的

名词性从句

一、连接词that，whether，if引导的名词性从句

[观察例句]

1．It is possible that caffeine may cause birth defects(缺陷)in humans，too.

2．She asked me whether/if I had returned the books to the library.

3．Whether it is true remains a question.

4．The question is whether it is worth doing.

5．I think(that)you should turn to the teacher for help.

6．My reason is that the cost will be too high.

[归纳用法]

1．that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语(如例1)，that不作从句的任何成分，但通常不可省略。

2．引导宾语从句的that不作从句的任何成分，常可省略(如例5)。

3．引导表语从句的that不作从句的任何成分，通常不可省略(如例6)。

4．whether与if都可以引导宾语从句(如例2)。

5．whether还可以引导主语从句(如例3)和表语从句(如例4)。

[名师点津]

1．动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后面有宾语补足语时，需用it作形式宾语而将that引导的宾语从句后置，that通常不可省略。

I think it necessary that we drink plenty of boiled water every day.

2．that引导两个以上的宾语从句时，通常只省略第一个从句中的that。

3．whether与if引导宾语从句时，大多数情况下可以互换。但or not前面用whether；用于介词后的宾语从句也用whether引导。

We don't know whether or not she was ready.

I'm interested in whether you've finished the work.

二、连接代词和连接副词引导的名词性从句

[观察例句]

1．I will do what I can to help him.

2．It has not been decided who will be sent there.

3．It is unknown when we will have our sports meet.

4．Go and get your 's where you left it.

5．That's why I want you to work there.

6．I don't know whose book this is.

[归纳用法]

1．引导名词性从句的连接代词有who，whom，whose，what等。它们不但起连接作用，还在从句中作主语(如例2)、表语、宾语(如例1)、定语(如例6)等。缺少连接代词，从句不完整。

2．引导名词性从句的连接副词有when，where，why，how。它们不但起连接作用，还在从句中作状语，表示时间(如例3)、地点(如例4)、原因(如例5)和方式等。缺少连接副词，从句也不完整。

[名师点津]

引导名词性从句的还有“疑问词＋ever”，如whoever 、whomever、wherever、whichever等，它们在从句中充当一定的句子成分。

Whoever breaks the law should be punished.

Wherever children go makes their parents worry.

说明文

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人以知识的文章，它要求语言准确简明，通俗浅显，条理清晰而又有逻辑性。需要注意的是，说明文是陈述客观事实，所以这种文体通常采用一般现在时。

[基本框架]

第一部分：简述神秘现象(什么样的神秘现象，何时何地被发现，科学家对此的解释和论据)。

第二部分：不同的看法。

第三部分：自己对这种现象的认识。

[常用词块]

1．a series of attacks 一连串的袭击行为

2．muddy footprints on the kitchen floor 厨房地板上的泥脚印

3．a frightening experience一次可怕的经历

4．a reported sighting of the Loch Ness monster 据报道有人看见尼斯湖水怪

5．bring light 披露某事

6．due to human error 由于人为错误

[常用语句]

★精彩开头

1．The is back in ……怪物……又上新闻了。

2．It is known to 众所周知……

3．It 它在于……

4．It 它看起来像……

★丰满主体

1．Some scientists 一些科学家认为……

2．Some people believe in its existence，有些人相信它的存在，因为……

3．By recent research，we can 通过最近的研究，我们可以了解到……

4．Other 其他科学家认为……

★余味结尾

1．Personally，I(don'就我个人而言，我(不)相信……

2．As far as I am concerned，就我而言，我认为……

3．In my point of view，在我看来，我相信……

“北美大脚怪(Bigfoot)”一直引发人们的热议。请根据所给提示写一篇短文。

出没地带

怪物描述

发现情况

结论

北美

像猿(ape)，高6－10 英尺，重约500 磅以上，全身覆盖棕色或红色毛，头和眼睛很大，脚印长达24英寸

科学家和研究人员也找到了相关的毛发粪便(waste)以及大脚印等

无其他证据证明其存在，也许是当地传说以吓唬徒步者或者猎人

注意：1.字数80字左右；

2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

【参考范文】

Bigfoot，which was first seen in North America，is one of the world­famous

mysteries.

Witnesses described it as an ape­like was said to be 6－10 feet tall，weighing over 500 pounds and was covered in brown or red fur with large eyes and a

big ints up to 24 inches long have been found.

Teams of scientists and researchers who have gone there to do research have found

things related to it，such as waste，fur and so r，so far there has been no other

evidence to prove its existence.

As far as I am concerned，I think it may be just folk tales or stories to terrify hikers

and hunters in North America.

本文标签： 引导导致状语速度想象