gre 填空108-122

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section 108 hard

1. Wood is an environmentally friendly building material because it _____ carbon dioxide, absorbing it during growth and retaining it even after it has been turned into lumber.

;also : to bind or absorb (carbon dioxide) as part of a larger chemical process or compound

• … half of the starting material will be used up and half will be char. That can then be put back on the fields, where it will sequester carbon and help grow the next crop.
•  

Eradicate (degree error)

(2): to make regulations for or concerning

• regulate the industries of a country

1: breathe;specifically : to inhale and exhale air successively

2. Despite the fact that it is quite difficult to find, in everyday discourse, causal explanations taking the form Hume proposed, many philosophers have regarded Hume’s model as _____ causal accounts.

(logic)

: marked by a tendency in favor of a particular point of view : biased
3. Goodin notes that people have (i)_____ cognitive capacities and that they therefore must consider some factors as (ii)_____ so as to be able to make decisions about other things.

(choose directly)

4. Some people (i)_____ translations of great literary works—especially those insistent on a literal translation for whom no rendering is ever (ii)_____ enough.

Literal=faithful

5. It was not until 1995 that a planet beyond our solar system was first sighted, a discovery that greatly excited astronomers. Many had supposed that the processes that gave rise to our solar system were not (i)_____, and that there were other planets in the universe. Now, observations had (ii)_____.

Want to express what opinions

6. The longer the migratory route, the more fat migrating birds must accumulate as fuel for their flight. The gain in body mass would make birds obese by human standards, and should render them unable to fly, but this gain is (i)_____(take opposite altitude) premigratory (ii)_____ of digestive organs, inactive during migration(try to explain the second blank), and by the (iii)_____(parallel with the shrinking explanation) of the muscles that power the flight.

(very good question)

7. In spite of her fascination with chance, coincidence, and contingency, Stanning’s novels are _____ constructed, written from the head rather than the heart.

(the first part of the sentence tries to convey not meticulously plan)

b: lacking in moderation, balance, and restraint

• extravagant praise

: evoking or tending to evoke an especially emotional response

• settings … so evocative that they bring tears to the eyes

b: prone to act on impulse

• an impulsive young man

involuntary: done contrary to or without choice

section 109 medium

1. Because of its _____, DNA can be invaluable as exculpatory evidence following a criminal conviction: it can be reliably tested years after a crime has occurred.

We try to use a word to represent a sentence

Verifiability : capable of being verified

3. Although strikes remain rarer in Britain than in many other European countries, and their economic impact is (i)_____ compared to the great upheavals of the 1970s and 1980s, their number has (ii)_____ after a few years of somewhat greater calm.

We don’t have a great number before, so we cannot choose “revived”

: leading to no conclusion or definite result

Demoralizing a: to weaken the morale of : discourage, dispirit

• were demoralized by the loss

truculent scathingly harsh : vitriolic

• truculent criticism

4. Many of us remember a time when discovery and the thrill of learning were forces in our lives and were (i)_____. Frequently that time happened in a great classroom somewhere, in the hands of the one (ii)_____ teacher we can each remember.

strength or energy exerted or brought to bear : cause of motion or change : active power

• the forces of nature

• the motivating force in her life

5. Because it is discussed by humanities scholars from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, “affect” has been (i)_____ defined; nonetheless there has been (ii)_____ the terms “emotion” and “affect” across academic writing in the humanities.

To create a difference between two parts

6. Since the 1920s, historical fiction writers in China have emancipated the genre from the traditional notion that (i)_____ was the ultimate goal of history writing. Yet the traditional commitment to (ii)_____ was not simply (iii)_____: this new genre was expected to capture the essence of historical truth even as it allowed space for the writer’s imagination.

(For this question, you need to know, after “yet”, the author begins to convey things about “new genre”, even the sentence begins with “traditional”)

7. Precipitation is not _____ in the Atacama Desert west of Andes mountains, and water scarcity is compounded by problems with water appropriation, the existence of agro pastoralists is in jeopardy.

(still, you need to pick up a specific word)

8. What differentiates this book from more traditional works on grammar is that it reserves its _____ not for students of writing, bur for teachers who harbor unduly restrictive views.

9. Like ants’ propensity to congregate on one food pile and neglect another, the human tendency to make choices that _____ the observed behavior of others is a self-reinforcing process.

: to mourn aloud : wail

• nightingales lament without ceasing

10. The difficulty of reforming electoral politics is not lack of right tools but the need to put them into the hands of impartial agents: the goal should be to build capacity while _____ partisanship.

Deterring  constraining

 

section 110 mediun

1. Characteristic of the diplomat’s new book is the ______ relationship between the evidence adduced and the inferences drawn, the footnotes and citations teeming with ambiguity and complexity, while the summary statements are more dogmatic simplicities.

(find the counterparts)

2. Notwithstanding a lack of _____, nineteenth-century anthologies such as Evert and George Duyckinck’s Cyclopaedia of American Literature represents serious attempts to collect the national writings up to that point as a way of establishing the viability of American letters.

(take the opposite position two times, so the blank’s meaning equals to the latter)

3. In his study of Senegambian cleric Shaykh Mass Kah (1827-1936), Bala S. K. Sahonotes that it is difficult to fully (i)_____ many of the oral accounts on which the study relies. Saho’s work shows, however, that despite this absence of (ii)_____, oral history can provide useful sources from which historians can reconstruct the past.

(the same meaning for two blanks)

1: the act or process of forming reasons and of drawing conclusions and applying them to a case in discussion

2: debate, discussion

4. For a genre that’s supposed to be about the future, science fiction has certainly (i)_____ lately, (ii)_____ is what sells best, with readers spending their money on sequels to long-running series.

(same meaning)

(combine the two blanks)

6. The amount of water flowing through United States streams has (i)_____ during this century, although without giving rise to more frequent floods, according to a new study by the United States Geological Survey. The country appears to be getting (ii)_____ even as its stream flow becomes less (iii)_____.

7. When it comes to arriving at brilliant ideas, filtering out distractions might well be _____: if a person’s mind is wandering, that person tends to outperform peers in a range of tasks in which flashes of insight are important.

(understand the sentence)

to rate, value, or estimate too highly

• overrates his importance to the team

indispensable

2: absolutely necessary : essential

• an indispensable member of the staff

2: not to be avoided or evaded : necessary

• an imperative duty

characterized by or given to the expression of opinions very strongly or positively as if they were facts

• a dogmatic critic

8. Matsui is an extremely _____ political tactician, as she generally will withhold her support for a political faction or a policy until she is confident it will prevail.

(understand the sentence)

9. There is ample evidence that men and women think, express themselves, and even experience emotions differently, but in the area of sensory perception, psychologists are hard-pressed to identify major _____.

A. difficulties (not different)

B. innovations

C. discrepancies

D. challenges

E. incongruities

F. trends

1: the quality or state of being incongruous

2: something that is incongruous

 

section 111 medium

1. Unable to escape their own literary tradition, literary critics either become the ______ of that tradition or, on the contrary, use their knowledge of it to reinterpret writers and trends from new perspectives.

: one that follows; especially : one who succeeds to a throne, title, estate, or office

Successor (this word has no altitude)

3: to take or take over illegally or unjustly

• material liberated from a nearby construction site

2: to free from combination

• liberate the gas by adding acid

1: to set at liberty : free;specifically : to free (something, such as a country) from domination by a foreign power

2. Not only was Jarry ______ the pandemonium his play sparkled, he actually worked to foment the conflict, organizing a posse to boo if the rest of the audience applauded and cheer if the other attendees booed.

(foment, the opposite: not being influence)

3. Boreal forest is at the southern boundary of the moss-dominated tundra, which remains characteristically treeless because its spongy surface retains water that cannot drain away through the underlying permafrost. But as temperatures rise the permafrost recedes, (i)______ the (ii)______ of forest.

(you should not choose renewal for this question, as it never appealed before)

4. As late as the 1990s, Merry Wiesner Hanks argued that developments during the Reformation and the Enlightenment had (i)______ effects on the participation of women in the filed of medicine. She claimed that the (ii)______ Reformation and Enlightenment women left female health’s practitioners restricted to assisting in an unpaid and unrecognized capacity

(if you are not trying to understand the sentence, then just choice the save position for the two blanks according to the green part)

5. There is (i)______ evidence that the giant African land snail a. fulica is a serious threat to the spread of human disease. Giant snails do carry rat lungworm—infection by which is a common cause of meningitis—but so do many other snail species. (by writing this sentence, the author beliefs that Giant snails have no difference compared to other species, so this is not a valid evidence) Moreover, if the threat posed by a. fulica were (ii)______, one would expect to see an increase in disease rates (iii)______ a rise in the spread of snails. However, in places like New Caledonia, explosions (the same to the second blank) in giant snail populations have coincided with a fall in the number of meningitis cases.

Commend to mention with approbation : praise

• We commend you for your continuing dedication to excellence.

ready to believe especially on slight or uncertain evidence

• accused of swindling credulous investors

: relating to, characteristic of, or marked by skepticism

• a skeptical listener

9. With regard to verity, neutrality, and transparency, nothing about the Internet makes it any different than Gutenberg’s printing press, which could serve ______ just as well as truth. (opposite)

Bureaucracy

2: government characterized by specialization of functions, adherence to fixed rules, and a hierarchy of authority

2: not easily or naturally deduced or introduced : improbable

• a far-fetched story

 

section 112 medium

1. Behavior dubbed reprehensible by the residents of the region is considered conventional, even ______ by those of the neighboring region; fortunately, people traveling between the two are resigned to this disparity.

(here the adjective is more important than a noun)

: the quality or state of being profligate

b: an upward slope or rising grade : acclivity

• followed the steep ascent to the top of the hill

the quality or state of being nonchalant

• She faced the crowd with the nonchalance of an experienced speaker.
• 1: commercial spirit, institutions, or methods
• 2: excessive emphasis on profit

5. This book cannot be evaluated properly without examining the author’s choice of format, which is the (i)______ of the format of standard academic works; here the photographs take center stage, with the text playing only a supporting role. This layout poses many dangers for the serious historian, not the least of which being the (ii)______ reception that academics—motivated partly by (iii)______(here the meaning slightly changes) but also by genuine concern over scholarly standards—generally reserve for books apparently aimed at the popular market.

6. Based on the evidence available, it would be (i)______ to insist on a wholly negative portrayal of King Prajadhipok. In his own writings and pronouncements as well as in firsthand accounts offered by others, Prajadhipok consistently emerges as (ii)______ and even-tempered, though (iii)______.（for this blank, you need to an opposite meaning to the second blank）

7. Given that the department director was such a feeble contributor, sitting silently at important policy meetings and usually deferring to low-level aides, it was surprising that he had such a reputation for ______.

Magnanimity: help those in need

Impartiality: not self-interested

Ingenuousness b: lacking craft or subtlety

• ingenuous in their brutality

9. Upon realizing that the indicators of a stressful situation can be extremely ______, the

psychologist reconsidered her claim that a reliable way of reducing stress is to recognize stressful situations and then avoid them.

(after realizing …)

10. For wily political press officers, the art of spin is not quite supplanting truth with lies, but instead it aspires to replace awkward complexity with catchy ______; successful spin creates the impression of unavoidable common sense.

(change the meaning directly)

section 113 hard

1. In 1831, a domestic insurrection that had stirred central Italy was squelched by the Austrian army, but while this invasion destroyed the immediate results of the movement, it could not ______ the insurrections causes, which continued to be felt.

b: not favorable : adverse, unpropitious

• untoward side effects

3. In the early 1990s, the discovery of a new microbe in wastewater led microbiologists to (i)______ ammonia’s conversion to nitrogen compounds. Called anammox (for anaerobic ammonia oxidation), the microbe was converting into nitrogen gas in the absence of oxygen, a reaction previously assumed to be (ii)______.

(two blanks have the same orientation)

4. The so-called “good” translations of the historian’s major work—those that are (i)_____, in other words—give a very bad idea of the linguistic character of the author’s original writing, which is notoriously (ii)_____.

Two blanks are inconsistent.

1: marked by a forbidding moroseness

• a crabbed view of human nature

2: difficult to read or understand

• crabbed handwriting

5. Thinking (i)______ about one’s choices can sometimes (ii)______ decision making. For example, in one study in which college students selected their favorite poster from a set, those asked to explain their selection ended up less (iii)______ their choices than those who were not asked. Researchers concluded that thinking of reasons interferes with people’s ability to access gut-level reactions that are crucial to sound decision making.

1 a: being likely to ensue as a chance or minor consequence

• social obligations incidental to the job

b: minor 1

1: a conclusion derived through logic : inference

• … we can deduce … many consequences each of which can be tested by experiment.

1: of, relating to, or constituting essence : inherent

2 a: of the utmost importance : basic, indispensable, necessary

• an essential requirement for admission to college

b: the origin and the history of something

• Democracy's pedigree stretches back to ancient Greece.

1: something new or unusual

• the novelty of a self-driving car

section 114 medium

. In its literature and its political discourse, the nation has created various narratives about itself that tend to ______ intractable social divisions in the interest of perpetuating a dubious myth of unity.

The blank takes the opposite position of “in the interest of”,

Denounce 1: to pronounce especially publicly to be blameworthy or evil

But this blank is only an opinion

obscure: to reduce (a vowel) to the value

1: to cut in pieces in order to display or examine the structure and use of the parts : dissect

2: analyze

1: to support with or as if with a bolster : reinforce

• lay bolstered up in bed

• extra men will bolster already augmented dock details

1: a practical approach to problems and affairs

• tried to strike a balance between principles and pragmatism

a: contemptuously distrustful of human nature and motives

• … those cynical men who say that democracy cannot be honest and efficient.

4. Many civic institutions (take the negative position) tend to (i)_____, when they do not actively discourage, the better natures of the citizenry. People are individually altruistic social animals who nonetheless (so the second blank is different from the first part of this sentence) teach themselves to be (ii)_____ in the public sphere.

6. Transportation maps of Alaska are (i)_____ in large part by what they (ii)_____: lines identifying roads and railroads. With a single track bisecting the state and a handful of spokes to the east and south, Alaska is notable for its (iii)______ of transportation options.

(you need choose the choice, from the part that has already express the meaning clearly)

3 a: a magnificent or impressive array

• the full panoply of a military funeral

full of lively activity : busily astir

• a bustling market

9. Though only nine years old, the dancer possesses _____ flexibility that suggests she may become a balletic superstar.

Unexceptional : not out of the ordinary : commonplace

1 a: to cause to lose bearings : displace from normal position or relationship

b: to cause to lose the sense of time, place, or identity

2: confuse

section 115 hard

1. The company’s steering committee, reluctant to be held any specific commitments, released a strategic plan that was deliberately _______.

a: an agreement or pledge to do something in the future

• a commitment to improve conditions at the prison

;especially : an engagement to assume a financial obligation at a future date

3. At one time researchers viewed the placebo effect as (i)_____, a statistical (ii)_____ faced by those attempting an objective evaluation of the efficacy of potentially legitimate therapies. That view has changed: the placebo effect is today seen as an important part of the healing process.

The second blank equals to the first one.

But we should not say things like “deviation”, or errors here. We only need a negative word.

: a person who predicts the future by magical, intuitive, or more rational means : prognosticator

1: a person who destroys religious images or opposes their veneration

: acting or intended to enhance one's power, wealth, position, or reputation

5. Despite the recent proliferation of gourmet and specialty salts, studies suggest that it would take an unusually (i)_____ palate to (ii)_____ foods prepared with different salts—most salts taste the same to most people.

This question is trying to say one wants to distinguish different salts.

a: a usually intellectual taste or liking

• too ornate for my palate

• … I heard a little too much preaching … and lost my palate for it.

6. It is inevitable that ongoing research presupposes some accepted science as a principle. Usually no one even notices the implication that the accepted principle is being (i)______ unless there emerges (ii)______ that turns out to be sufficiently (iii)______ that the assumptions underlying the research come to be considered.

: obstinately defiant of authority or restraint

2 a: difficult to manage or operate

b: not responsive to treatment

c: resistant

• this subject is recalcitrant both to observation and to experiment

the third blank means very necessary

b: to cause the impairment of

• a compromised immune system

: tiresome because of length or dullness : boring

• a tedious public ceremony

1: marked by lack of proper caution : careless of consequences

2: irresponsible

• reckless charges

: not necessary

1: serving no useful purpose : completely ineffective

• efforts to convince him were futile

2: occupied with trifles : frivolous

1: unsuccessful

• a fruitless attempt

2: lacking or not bearing fruit

Fruitless and futile is express the result rather than necessity.

You need to know the general meaning of a certain paragraph.

1: to estimate wrongly

2: to have an unjust opinion of

section 116 medium

: being in a state of inactivity or obsolescence

• a moribund virus

2. The ability to reproduce in her paintings the supple and shapely lines of her great-grandfather’s paintings seems to have ______ her the way a particular cast of mind might be perpetuated in another family.

2: a point or condition of decline

• our spirits were at a low ebb

3. In the search for truth, the knowledge gained by scientists consists of approximations with varying degrees of certainty. Such (i)_____ truth can be highly (ii)_____, as the rapid and relatively steady progress of medical knowledge well exemplifies.

: not ambiguous : clear, precise

• unambiguous evidence

: serving for the time being : temporary

• a provisional government

First, you need to fill a blank with a sure answer.

b: requiring or exhibiting knowledge that is restricted to a small group

• esoteric terminology

;broadly : difficult to understand

• esoteric subjects

The second blank requires a positive altitude

b: uncertain as an indication or sign

• equivocal evidence

: exhibiting an often perverse and wearisome tendency to quarrels and disputes

• a man of a most contentious nature

4. The kilt has certainly had (i)______ history, outlawed as it was by Britain in 1746 as an emblem of nationalist subversion, then more recently (ii)______ from men’s to women’s apparel in a 2003 European Union survey, and ridiculed at various times for a wide variety of reasons.

The word “manufactured” doesn’t have obvious altitude

2: not genuine or real

• showered him with feigned compliments

5. Having displayed his art collection in a vast modernist white space in (i)______ former warehouse, Mr. Saatchi has chosen for his new site its polar opposite, a riverside monument to civic pomposity that once housed the local government. There is nothing (ii)______ about the new location: the building’s design is bureaucratic baroque, (iii)______ style that is as declamatory as a task-force report and as self-regarding as a campaign speech.

 

6. (i)______, we can safely infer causality by appealing to a set of general principles (Newtonian mechanics, for example) that are well understood and have been shown to apply in comparably straightforward circumstances. However, for the opposing class, which consists of (ii)______ systems like the global economy, human physiology, or the human mind itself, explanations of singular events are usually (iii)______, absent the requisite accounting for the intricate dynamics of such systems.

2: unquestionable

• production of unequivocal masterpieces

7. The _______ of highly social species like rhesus monkeys—and like humans—is that their complex sociality is the reason for their success, but it’s also the source of their greatest troubles.

This problem has two position in the end.

8. Since new movie stars seem to be cut from only a few bolts of the same bland cloth these days, it is ______ just to be in the presence, once again, of a true original.

Comparison

: to assure anew

• reassured him that the work was on schedule

: tending or serving to overwhelm

• overwhelming force

2: a movement or expression of vigorous dissent

10. Eschewing today’s hovered-over kids as less plausible characters for an adventure story, Rebeca Stead set her new children’s novel in nineteen-seventies New York to show children with a great deal of ______.

b: to be in a state of uncertainty, irresolution, or suspense

• … hovering uncomfortably behind a cigar …

2: self-directing freedom and especially moral independence

• personal autonomy

3: a self-governing state

2: an ability to recover from or adjust easily to misfortune or change

 

section 117 medium

Contingency

: a contingent event or condition: such as

a: an event (such as an emergency) that may but is not certain to occur

• trying to provide for every contingency

1: forming an exception : rare

• an exceptional number of rainy days

4. In its earliest days, the telegraph inspired (i)______ without precedent in the annals of technology. A new sense of (ii)! across: a sense that the world was in (iii)! , that life for one’s children and grandchildren would be very different, all because of this wondrous force and its uses.

For some blanks, we may find it hard to choose a specific meaning, but at this circumstance, there tends to have a general direct, either positive or negative for you to choose from.

: annals;especially : annals of a single year, locale, or people

5. The enthusiasm that many English artists and writers felt regarding the Labour Party (i)______(predicate) amid complaints that arts funding remained as (ii)______. And even though the government recently announced a significant funding boost for the Arts Council, some art leaders still refuse to (iii)______ Labour.

4: of, relating to, subject to, or regulated by the will

• voluntary behavior

b (1): to reproduce or represent by artistic or verbal means : depict

(2): to give a performance of

(3): to produce a copy or version of

• the documents are rendered in the original French

(4): to execute the motions of

• render a salute

c: translate

: to protrude through a surgical incision or suffer protrusion of a part through an incision

(2): the basic visceral or emotional part of a person

• She knew in her gut that he was lying.

: occupying a middle position

2 a: acting through an intervening agency

b: exhibiting indirect causation, connection, or relation

• the disease spreads by mediate as well as direct contact

10. Though Fine leavens her work with humor and playfulness, she can be _______ writer, mincing no words in her judgements of other scientists’ work.

Positive ->negative

section 118 hard

1. The nineteenth-century legislator Robert Barnwell Rhett was known for using language so intemperate that even in an era of considerable political ______, it came almost to occupy a category of its own.

: not temperate

Hypocrisy a feigning to be what one is not or to believe what one does not : behavior that contradicts what one claims to believe or feel

Despotic

: of, relating to, or characteristic of a despot

• a despotic government

rebound

1 a: the action of rebounding : recoil

b: an upward leap or movement : recovery

• a sharp rebound in prices
•  

4. Though nations no longer (i)_____ nuclear physicists—the men and women who once delivered the destructive power of the atom bomb—physics still has the same power to (ii)_____ but in another way, by revealing the basic truths that underpin reality.

5. Those who blame the inadequacies of science education for students’ lack of reasoning skills perpetuate their productive notion of science as (i)_____, unique in its capacity to inoculate us against superstition and ignorance. Certainly a good science education can (ii)_____ habits of mind, but the (iii)_____ effect of education in nonscientific, humanistic subjects such as literature and history should not be underrated.

Vocational 2: of, relating to, or undergoing training in a skill or trade to be pursued as a career

6. Media stories about climate regularly use spokespeople from interest groups as sources, but what those individuals say is often (i)_____, citing results from scientific research in a highly (ii)_____ manner and (iii)_____ the caveats that are part of a full scientific assessment.

These three blanks are all need to convey the meaning of “part”.

: plain to the understanding especially because of clarity and precision of presentation

• a perspicuous argument

ingenuous

7. It is an ironic reversal that just those politicians who most vociferously _____ the distorting complexities of the country’s tax system are now the ones embracing an agreement that worsens the mess.

The second part is negative, so the first part is positive.

1 a: to provide with an index

b: to list in an index

• all persons and places mentioned are carefully indexed

maligner : one that maligns

section 119 hard

1. The notion that the director is the center of the team has been ______, but in fact it has not been accepted by academia.

Being exist for a long time but not being accepted.

Change the one who states this.

Here, the word “present” could not exert excitements.

Charlatan

1: 4quack 2

• charlatans harming their patients with dubious procedures

retribution

1: recompense, reward

 

: abundant, exuberant

• the garden was riotous with flowers

4.If all stars are fiery gas balls like our own sun, and if the principle that the situation of our own solar system is not (i)_____ is (ii)_____, then one might think that many other stars should be surrounded by a retinue of planets and moons.

Braggadocio

a: empty boasting

b: arrogant pretension : cockiness

• the air of swaggering braggadocio that all important men are expected to show in fighting

5. For Ruskin, architecture serves the community only when approached in a spirit of piety and (i)_____. Architecture must set effective boundaries to public space, and it does so by (ii)_____ the desire to show off, to stand out, to record the artistic flair of some temporary ego. (This explains the first blank) Architecture succeeds in its public task through (iii)_____ and devotion, of the kind that can be observed in the moulding, firing and laying of a properly proportioned brick,(third blank) but which is violated at every point by Frank Gehry’s bombastic Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.

For the first blank, the word “sanctimony” really should not appear, because the word “and”, so the two words have the same orientation.

: freedom from pride or arrogance : the quality or state of being humble

• accepted the honor with humility

demise

1 a: death

b: a cessation of existence or activity

devotion a: religious fervor : piety

b: an act of prayer or private worship—usually used in plural

• during his morning devotions

hierarchy 5: a graded or ranked series

• a hierarchy of values

: not relevant : inapplicable

• that statement is irrelevant to your argument

: not necessary

 

1: not consisting of matter : incorporeal

2: of no substantial consequence : unimportant

Reduce

1 a: to draw together or cause to converge : consolidate

• reduce all the questions to one

2 a: surpassing all others : supreme

b: of very high quality : excellent

• superlative work

8. During the fifteenth century, three aspects of the mathematical sciences were usually singled out as _____: their preparatory value for the study of philosophy, their practical advantage for the community, and their antiquity.

A problem like this is very hard to solve when not knowing the meaning of some words, but this scenario does happen something so you also need to eliminate some choices.

 

3: expanded to an abnormal or unjustifiable volume or level

• inflated prices

4: being hollow and enlarged or distended

9. Most of the drugs used to treat celiac disease that are now in development would not eliminate the need for a gluten-free diet but would help _____ symptoms when some gluten is unintentionally ingested.

The degree changes at this question.

10. It is true that science, and more particularly scientists, _____ cherished paradigms with great reluctance and that when they do, scientific revolutions may result.

This deserves to change attitude

1: to disconnect the pieces of

• will have to dismantle the engine

;also : to destroy the integrity or functioning of

• The program was later dismantled due to a lack of funding.

 

section 120 medium

2. As a result of lacking a strong opposing organization to ______, the chief focused their rancor on one another at the conference where the issues were put forward and intended to be resolved.

1: to offer in sacrifice; especially : to kill as a sacrificial victim

: to speak with another : confer;specifically : to discuss terms with an enemy

• The government refused to parley with the rebels.

: to get rid of completely usually by killing off

• exterminate termites and cockroaches

3. Standard thermal evolution models of giant planets employ initial conditions that are, to some extent, arbitrarily chosen, selected more for computational expediency than for physical accuracy. Since eventually the initial conditions (i)_____ the evolving planet, this approach is more (ii)_____ for mature planets than it is for young planets.

4. The city’s traffic-planning department has been working hard to (i)______ drivers. Closely spaced stop lights have been added on roads into town, causing delays. Pedestrian underpasses designed to allow traffic to flow freely across major intersections have been (ii)______.

These sentences convey unique meanings.

1 a: to make violent efforts : strive

• has to strain to reach the high notes

b: to pull against resistance

• a dog straining at its leash

c: to contract the muscles forcefully in attempting to defecate—often used in the phrase strain at stool

disingenuous

: lacking in candor;also : giving a false appearance of simple frankness : calculating

shelved 3 a: to remove from active service

b: to put off or aside

• shelve a project

3: confined or restricted as if within the borders of a parish : limited in range or scope (as to a narrow area or region) : provincial, narrow

8. Other monarchs have been accused by posterity of murder and treason without having come to be regarded with such _____, perhaps because the cases against them have never been satisfactorily proved.

1: to use equivocal language especially with intent to deceive

Infamy: an extreme and publicly known criminal or evil act

b: the state of being infamous

 

section 122 medium

1. All the scholars at the conference agree on the character of the general philosophical concepts under discussion, but this does not imply _____ with regard to details.

Degree

2. Suspicion is arguably a natural self-protective instinct essential to the survival of individuals and societies: a human being or community that is totally _____ is inviting trouble.

filled with or expressing great joy or triumph : jubilant

1: viewing the future with anxiety or alarm : feeling or showing fear or apprehension about the future

• … many adults who do not think twice about the risks of driving an automobile are apprehensive about flying.

2: marked by seclusion or retirement : solitary

• … sit under the reclusive calm of the acacia tree.

3. Various factors complicate researchers’ efforts to study time spent on housework. For example, housework may not stand out much in respondents’ memories because it is so (i)_____ everyday life, and (ii)_____ problems among survey subjects may thus be more severe than for other activities.

2 a: the action or power of recalling to mind

b: something recalled to the mind

4. There is a somewhat (i)_____ trend emerging in property law today: though property law historically has been used to legitimize the conquest of indigenous lands, indigenous groups worldwide are now (ii)_____ this same body of law to lay claim to their own cultural resources.

Change subjects

A. ironic D. circumventing

B. untimely E. employing

C. redundant F. invalidating

An answer set like this has strong indication. I mean, the second blank.

1: inopportune, unseasonable

• an untimely joke

• untimely frost

5. Among geophysicists there was considerably less (i)_____(1) the proposed environment measure than the (ii)_____ (2)media accounts of the conference would suggest: the debate was often animated (2)but never uncivil.

2: to make more acceptable by removing unpleasant or undesired features

• attempts to sanitize historical accounts

6. Genetic researchers have recently suggested that our political learnings may be determined by our DNA, a view that tends to undermine our reflective self-flattery. We (i)_____ the idea that personal politics are entirely (ii)_____. (explanation) The genetic explanation for ideology (iii)_____ our belief that we are persuaded only by rational arguments.

: to take intense pleasure or satisfaction

• reveled in the quiet after everyone had gone

7. French’s tone was reasonable, _____ almost, but the gaze she fixed on Backhouse over her reading spectacles had something of defiance in it.

1: covering completely or broadly : inclusive

• comprehensive examinations

b: increasing in rate as the base increases

• a progressive tax

8. The book is impressively _____, drawing from multiple disciplines and perspectives, and resting on diverse and extensive archival sources, autobiographies, published collections of letter, and works of history.

• A. learned
• B. progressive
• C. comprehensive
• D. concise
• E. succinct
• F. erudite

For this problem, at first, you have two perspective, but later, you need to give up one.

characterized by or associated with learning : erudite

• a learned scholar

9. The latest publications predicting disastrous coastal erosion are likely to seem _____ (1) to knowledgeable readers because variations on the same claims have been effectively (1) refuted in the past few years

10. Ursula Le Guin claims that looking at schoolbooks from around 1900 can be _____(1), given that the level of literacy and general cultural knowledge expected of a mere ten-year-old was, she notes, “rather awesome”.(1)

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