医学英语阅读uint 2中英对照

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2024年6月20日发(作者：)

第一篇 人体疾病

第一章对人体的简要概述使我们对两个被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了初步认识，这两个学科就是解剖学与

生理学。然而不把病理学包括进去，这种概述是不完整的，因为病理学是研究疾病引起的结构和功能变化的学科。

实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调病理学与生理学的密切关系，并强调在治疗任何人体疾病时了解病理学与生理

学基础的必要性。

The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are

considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete

without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In

fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological

aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases.

那么什么是疾病呢？它可以被定义为正常机能或者部分机能遭受损害时的一种状态。每一种生物，无论植物还

是动物，都会生病。例如，人类常常被微小的细菌感染，但是细菌又转而可能被更加微小的病毒感染。

Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its

parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny

bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses.

世界上有数百种疾病,每一种都有其特定的症状和体征，这些都是医生诊断疾病的线索。症状是病人自己能觉

察到的，比如，高烧、流血或者疼痛。而体征则是医生能够观察到的，比如，血管扩张或内器官肿大。

Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a

physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is

something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.

疾病可按不同的标准来分类。例如，流行病是感染某一地区许多人的疾病。 当它年复一年地发生在同一地区，

就成了一种地方病。急性病发作快、病程短。例如，急性心脏病发作常常没有前兆，而且会很快致命。慢性病发病

缓慢，但病程有时会长达数年。风湿热正是由于发病慢、病程长而成为一种慢性病。介于急性与慢性之间的另一种

类型被称为亚急性。

Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a

community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset

and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic

disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever

makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute.

疾病也可以依其病原体来划分，例如，传染病指可以在人与人之间传播的疾病，如可通过咳嗽或打喷嚏造成的

飞沫进行传播。极小的有机体，如细菌和真菌,可导致传染病。病毒和小虫子也可以。不论病原体是什么，只要它存

活于受感染的人体内就能传染给别人。有时，一种致病菌侵入人体后，该人却没有显示患病的症状。于是无症状的

病原携带者甚至在自己也不知情的情况下就把疾病传染给了他人。

Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an infectious, or communicable, disease is the

one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such

as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses and tiny worms. Whatever the causative agent might be,

it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a person

who shows no symptoms of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even

knowing he has it.

非传染性疾病是由身体机能失调引起的,这包括器官或组织退化、异常细胞生长以及异常的血液生成和血液循

环。当然也包括胃、肠、内分泌系统和泌尿生殖系统的紊乱。一些疾病也可能由饮食不足、身体抵抗力下降或神经

系统运行不良造成。

Noninfectious diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell

growth, and faulty blood formation and flow. Also included are disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine

system, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the body’s

defense system, or a poorly operating nervous system.

心理因素和社会因素也会引发残疾和疾病。这些疾病包括毒品成瘾、肥胖、营养不良和由污染造成的健康问题。

Disability and illnesses can also be provoked by psychological and social factors. These ailments include drug addiction,

obesity, malnutrition, and pollution-caused health problems.

而且，上千种乃至更多的遗传性出生缺陷由基因变异引起。由于小小的基因负责产生许多身体所需的化学物质，

它们的缺失或者运行不良都会严重损害健康。影响人体化学反应的基因失调被称为先天性代谢失调,某些智力发育迟

缓有遗传性。

Furthermore, a thousand or more inheritable birth defects result from alternations in gene patterns. Since tiny genes are

responsible for producing the many chemicals needed by the body, missing or improperly operating genes can seriously

impair health. Genetic disorders that affect body chemistry are called inborn errors of metabolism. Some forms of mental

retardation are hereditary.

病菌如何侵袭身体

人类生活的世界里有许多其他生物为食物和繁衍而竞争。很多致病生物，即病原体，通常被广义地称为病菌，

能侵入人体并利用其细胞和液体来满足自己的需求。一般来讲，身体防御系统能够抵抗这些入侵者。

Humans live in a world where many other living things compete for food and places to breed. The pathogenic

organisms, or pathogens, often broadly called germs that cause many diseases, are able to invade the human body and use its

cells and fluids for their own needs. Ordinarily, the body’s defense system can ward off these invaders.

病原体能通过多种方式进入人体。一些病原体是被吸入人体的，如引起普通感冒、肺炎和结核病的病菌；有的

是通过性接触进入人体的，如引起性病的病原体；还有的是通过受污染的食物、水或器皿进入人体，比如引起肝炎、

霍乱和伤寒的病原体。

Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways. Some—such as those that cause the common cold,

pneumonia, and tuberculosis—are breathed in. Others—such as those that cause venereal diseases—enter through sexual

contact of human bodies. Still others—such as those that cause hepatitis, colitis, cholera, and typhoid fever—get in the body

through contaminated food, water or utensils.

昆虫作为媒介或者病原体携带者传播疾病。苍蝇能将病菌从人类的排泄物或其他腐烂的物质带到食物和饮料中；

蚊子、虱子或其他媒介动物的叮咬也会将病菌传入人体。

Insects can spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers. Flies can carry germs from human waste or other tainted

materials to food and beverages. Germs may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect vector.

身体如何抵抗疾病

本文标签： 疾病人体身体