什么是和谐操作系统？ 华为新操作系统介绍

admin管理员组

文章数量:1582717

After years of speculation and rumor, Chinese tech giant Huawei formally unveiled its Harmony OS operating system in 2019. It’s fair to say that more questions have been raised than answered. How does it work? What problems does it solve? And is it a product of the current feud between Huawei and the U.S. government?

经过多年的猜测和谣言，中国科技巨头华为在2019年正式发布了其Harmony OS操作系统。可以说，提出的问题多于回答的问题。 它是如何工作的？ 它解决什么问题？ 这是华为与美国政府之间当前仇恨的产物吗？

是否基于Linux的Harmony OS？ (Is Harmony OS Based on Linux?)

No. Although both are free software products (or, more accurately, Huawei has pledged to release Harmony OS with an open-source license), Harmony OS is its own distinct product.  Moreover, it uses a different design architecture to Linux, preferring a microkernel design over monolithic kernel.

不会。尽管两者都是免费软件产品(或更准确地说，华为已承诺发布具有开源许可证的Harmony OS)，但Harmony OS是其自己的独特产品。 而且，它使用了与Linux不同的设计架构，因此首选微内核设计，而不是单片内核。

But wait. Microkernel? Monolithic kernel? I’ve lost you.

可是等等。 微内核？ 整体内核？ 我迷路了

Let’s try again. At the heart of every operating system is something called a kernel. Like the name implies, kernels are at the heart of every operating system, effectively serving as a foundation. They handle interactions with the underlying hardware, allocate resources, and define how programs are executed and operated.

让我们再试一次。 每个操作系统的核心都是称为内核的东西。 顾名思义，内核是每个操作系统的核心，有效地充当了基础。 它们处理与基础硬件的交互，分配资源，并定义程序的执行和操作方式。

All kernels have these fundamental responsibilities. However, they differ in how they work.

所有内核都有这些基本职责。 但是，它们的工作方式不同。

Let’s talk about memory. Modern operating systems try to segregate user applications (like Steam or Google Chrome) from the more sensitive parts of the operating system. Imagine an impenetrable line dividing the memory used by system-level services from your applications. There are two main good reasons for this: security and stability.

让我们谈谈内存。 现代操作系统尝试将用户应用程序(例如Steam或Google Chrome)与操作系统中较敏感的部分区分开。 想象一下一条难以理解的界线，它划分了应用程序中系统级服务使用的内存。 这样做的主要原因有两个：安全性和稳定性。

Microkernels, like the one used by Harmony OS, are extremely discerning about what runs in kernel mode, effectively limiting it to the basics.

与Harmony OS所使用的微内核一样，微内核对以内核模式运行的内核非常有区分，从而有效地将其限制在基础之上。

Bluntly, monolithic kernels aren’t discerning. Linux, for example, allows many OS-level utilities and processes to run within this privileged space in memory.

直言不讳，整体内核并不明显。 例如，Linux允许许多操作系统级别的实用程序和进程在内存中的特权空间内运行。

At the time Linus Torvalds started work on the Linux kernel, microkernels were still something of an unknown quantity, with few real-world commercial uses. Microkernels also proved harder to develop, and tended to be slower.

当Linus Torvalds开始在Linux内核上工作时，微内核仍然是一个未知数，几乎没有实际的商业用途。 事实证明，微内核更难以开发，并且往往更慢。

Nearly 30 years later, things have changed. Computers are faster and cheaper. Microkernels have made the leap from academia into production.

近30年后，情况发生了变化。 电脑更快，更便宜。 微内核已从学术界飞跃到生产领域。

The XNU kernel, which sits at the heart of macOS and iOS, lends much inspiration from earlier microkernel designs, namely the Mach kernel developed by Carnegie Mellon University. Meanwhile QNX, which forms the basis of the Blackberry 10 operating system, as well as many vehicular infotainment systems, uses a microkernel design.

XNU内核位于macOS和iOS的中心，它从早期的微内核设计(即卡内基梅隆大学开发的Mach内核)中获得了很多启发。 同时，构成Blackberry 10操作系统以及许多车载信息娱乐系统基础的QNX使用微内核设计。

一切都是关于可扩展性的，伙计 (It’s All About the Extensibility, Man)

Because Microkernel designs are intentionally limited, they’re easy to extend. Adding a new system service, like a device driver, doesn’t require the developer to fundamentally alter or interfere with the kernel.

由于微内核设计是有意限制的，因此易于扩展。 添加新的系统服务(例如设备驱动程序)不需要开发人员从根本上改变或干扰内核。

And that hints towards why Huawei chose this approach with Harmony OS. Although Huawei is perhaps best known for its phones, it’s a company involved in most sectors of the consumer technology market. Its lineup includes things like fitness wearables, routers, and even televisions.

这暗示了为什么华为选择在Harmony OS中采用这种方法。 尽管华为可能以其手机而闻名，但它是一家涉足消费技术市场大部分领域的公司。 它的阵容包括健身可穿戴设备，路由器甚至电视。

And Huawei is an incredibly ambitious company. Taking a leaf from rival Xiaomi’s book, the firm has started selling IoT products through its youth-focused subsidiary Honor, including intelligent toothbrushes and smart desk lamps.

而且华为是一家雄心勃勃的公司。 该公司从竞争对手小米的书中吸取教训，开始通过其以青年为重点的子公司Honor出售IoT产品，包括智能牙刷和智能台灯。

And while it’s not clear whether Harmony OS will run on every bit of consumer technology it ultimately sells, Huawei aspires to have an operating system that will run on as many devices as possible.

虽然目前尚不清楚Harmony OS是否会在最终销售的所有消费类技术上运行，但华为仍渴望拥有一种能够在尽可能多的设备上运行的操作系统。

Part of the reason is compatibility. If you disregard hardware requirements, any application written for Harmony OS should work on any device running it. That’s an attractive proposition for developers. But it should also have benefits for consumers, too. As more and more devices become computerized, it makes sense for them to be able to easily work as part of a broader ecosystem.

部分原因是兼容性。 如果您不考虑硬件要求，那么为Harmony OS编写的任何应用程序都可以在运行它的任何设备上运行。 对于开发人员来说，这是一个有吸引力的主张。 但是它也应该对消费者有好处。 随着越来越多的设备实现计算机化，使它们能够轻松地作为更广泛的生态系统的一部分变得有意义。

但是电话呢？ (But What About Phones?)

It’s almost one year since the Trump administration’s Treasury Department placed Huawei on an “entity list,” thereby preventing American firms from trading with the company. While this has exerted pressure on all levels of Huawei’s business, the biggest pain has been felt in the company’s mobile division, preventing it from releasing new devices with Google Mobile Services (GMS) included.

特朗普政府财政部将华为列入“实体清单”已经近一年了，从而阻止了美国公司与该公司进行交易。 尽管这给华为业务的各个层面施加了压力，但最大的痛苦却出现在该公司的移动部门，阻止其发布包含Google移动服务(GMS)的新设备。

Google Mobile Services is effectively the entire Google ecosystem for Android, including mundane apps like Google Maps and Gmail, as well as the Google Play Store. With Huawei’s latest phones lacking access to most apps, many have wondered whether the Chinese giant will abandon Android, instead moving to a homegrown operating system.

Google移动服务实际上是适用于Android的整个Google生态系统，包括像Google Maps和Gmail这样的普通应用程序，以及Google Play商店。 由于华为最新的手机无法访问大多数应用程序，因此许多人都怀疑这家中国巨头是否会放弃Android，而转向使用自己的操作系统。

This seems unlikely. At least, in the short term.

这似乎不太可能。 至少在短期内。

For starters, Huawei’s leadership has reiterated its commitment to the Android platform. Instead, it’s focused on developing its own alternative to GMS called Huawei Mobile Services (HMS).

首先，华为领导层重申了其对Android平台的承诺。 相反，它专注于开发自己的GMS替代产品，称为华为移动服务(HMS)。

At the heart of this is the company’s app ecosystem, the Huawei AppGallery. Huawei states it’s spending $1 billion to close the “app gap” with the Google Play Store and has 3,000 software engineers working on it.

其核心是公司的应用生态系统，即华为AppGallery。 华为表示，它将花费10亿美元来弥补与Google Play商店的“应用鸿沟”，并拥有3,000名软件工程师。

A new mobile operating system would be forced to start from scratch. Huawei would have to attract developers to port or redevelop their apps for Harmony OS. And, as we’ve learned from Windows Mobile, BlackBerry 10, and Samsung’s Tizen (and previously Bada), that’s not an easy proposition.

新的移动操作系统将被迫从头开始。 华为必须吸引开发人员为Harmony OS移植或重新开发其应用程序。 而且，正如我们从Windows Mobile，BlackBerry 10和三星的Tizen(以及以前的Bada)中学到的，这并非易事。

That said, Huawei is one of the most well-resourced tech firms in the world. And thus, it would be unwise to completely dismiss the prospect of a Harmony OS-powered phone.

话虽如此，华为是世界上资源最丰富的科技公司之一。 因此，完全放弃使用Harmony OS驱动的电话的前景是不明智的。

中国制造2025 (Made in China 2025)

There’s an interesting political angle to discuss here. For decades, China has acted as the world’s factory, building products designed overseas. But in recent years, China’s government and its own private sector has invested heavily in research and development. Increasingly, Chinese-designed products are making their way onto the international stage, offering new competition for Silicon Valley’s tech elite.

这里有一个有趣的政治角度要讨论。 几十年来，中国一直充当着世界工厂的角色，在海外设计产品。 但近年来，中国政府及其私有部门在研发方面投入了大量资金。 中国设计的产品越来越多地进入国际舞台，为硅谷的技术精英提供了新的竞争。

Amidst this, the Beijing government has an ambition it calls “Made in China 2025.” Effectively, it wants to end its reliance on imported high-tech products, such as semiconductors and airplanes, replacing them with their own homegrown alternatives. The motivation from this stems from economic and political security, as well as national prestige.

在此之中，北京政府的野心被称为“中国制造2025”。 实际上，它希望结束对进口高科技产品(如半导体和飞机)的依赖，用自己的替代产品替代它们。 其动机来自经济和政治安全以及国家威望。

Harmony OS fits into this ambition perfectly. If it takes off, it’ll be the first globally successful operating system to emerge from China—with the exception of those used in niche markets, like cellular base stations. These homegrown credentials will come in particularly handy should the cold war between China and the United States continue to rage.

Harmony OS完全适合此目标。 如果它能起飞的话，它将是中国第一个在全球范围内成功的操作系统，但蜂窝基站等细分市场所使用的操作系统除外。 如果中美之间的冷战继续肆虐，这些本土出产的证书将格外方便。

And as a result, I wouldn’t be surprised for Harmony OS to have some very enthusiastic supporters in the central government, as well as within the wider Chinese private sector. And it’s these supporters who will ultimately determine its success.

因此，对于Harmony OS在中央政府以及更广泛的中国私营部门中拥有一些非常热情的支持者，我不会感到惊讶。 这些支持者将最终决定其成功。

翻译自: https://www.howtogeek/675793/what-is-harmony-os-huaweis-new-operating-system-explained/

本文标签： 华为操作系统和谐