16专业外语考试试卷 -

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2024年6月18日发(作者：)

ESST EXAM PAPER FOR THE FIRST-GRADE GRADUATE STUDENTS

MAJORING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Name: Marks:

The examination paper consists of two parts. In part one, you are required to

read the text carefully and write the extended abstract in more than 400 words or

phrases. In your extended abstract all the topics of the text should be included.

In part two, you need to read the four passages and translate correctly them

into Chinese.

Part one (40 points)

TEXT

On Being Your Own Engineer

Ralph B．Peck（1983）

Here at this University and in this Department that has trained so many outstanding civil

engineers，you have achieved a standard of excellence that results in your recognition at this

Honors Day ceremony．It gives me the greatest pleasure to congratulate you on these

achievements．Here in your undergraduate career．you have become leaders in the pursuit of

engineering knowledge，the first essential step in becoming a civil engineer．Excellence in

undergraduate studies correlates highly with a successful engineering career in later years．I

sincerely hope that the satisfaction of a successful career continues to be yours and that these

honors and recognitions that you so rightfully receive today will be only the first of many

satisfactions that will come to you in your practice of civil engineering．

Yet a successful undergraduate career is not always or inevitably followed by leadership

in your profession．In a changing world，in a dynamic profession such as civil engineering，

how can you be sure today that you will be among the leaders of your profession 20or

30years from now？How can you even be sure to pick the branch of civil engineering，the

particular kind of work that you will actually like the best or have the most aptitude for？Do

you dare leave these matters to chance，do you dare let nature simply take its course？

Nobody can predict the future and nobody can guarantee success in the future．But there are，

nevertheless，many positive things you can do to shape your own career．I should like to think

about some of these with you today．

I believe every engineer，perhaps even while an undergraduate but certainly upon

graduation，needs to form and follow his own plan for the development of his professional

career．Perhaps it is an unpleasant thought, but believe it is only realistic that nobody else is

quite as interested in your career as you yourself should be．If you don’t plan it yourself，it is

quite possible that nobody will．On the other hand，there are too many factors，there are too

many changes in a dynamic profession to permit laying out a fixed plan．The plan that you

follow must be flexible and it must continually be evaluated．

To be sure．every career depends to some extent on chance，on the breaks，good or

bad．But if you have followed a sound plan，you will be ready for the good breaks when they

come．Those who feel they have never had favorable opportunities usually have not been

ready and have not even recognized opportunities when they came．

Civil engineering projects don’t exist in the classroom or in the office or in the

laboratory．They exist out In the field，In society．They are the highways, the transit systems，

the landslides to be corrected，the waste disposal plants to be constructed，the bridges，the

airports；they have to be built by men and machines．In my view，nobody can be a good

designer，a good researcher，a leader in the civil engineering profession unless he understands

the methods and the problems of the builders．This understanding ought to be first hand，and

if you are going to get it，you have to plan for it．Without this experience in the field．your

designs may be impractical，your research may be irrelevant，or your teaching may not

prepare your students properly for their profession．There are several ways in which you can

get construction experience．One is by being an engineer for a builder，for a contractor．Or on

the other hand，you might be an inspector for a resident engineer for the designer or owner．It

doesn’t matter in what capacity you work，and it doesn’t take a very long time to get

worthwhile experience in the field，but sometime early in your career，you should plan to get

it．Since the real projects are out there in the field，you will have to go where they are to get

the construction experience，and you may have to put up with a little inconvenience in order

to get it．

Real problems of civil engineering design include both concept and detail．In fact，details

often make or break a project．A beautifully designed cantilever bridge in Vancouver Harbor

collapsed during construction because a few stiffeners were omitted on the webs of some

temporary supporting beams．Spectacular failures such as this don’t always follow from

neglected details，but poor design，poor engineering often do．I believe every civil engineer

needs a personal knowledge of the details of his branch of civil engineering. If he’s going to

be a geo-technical engineer，for example，he needs to know among other things exactly how

borings are made and samples taken under a variety of circumstances. If he’s going to be a

structural engineer, he needs to know how steel structures are actually fabricated and

erected．He needs to know，in other words，the state of the commercial art that plays such a

large part in his profession．He needs to know how things are customarily done so that he can

tell whether，for example，a commercially available sampling tool will do the job at a modest

competitive price or whether some unusual tool must be developed for the particular

requirements of the job．So it seems to me that you should plan to get this sort of experience

also：to spend some time on a drilling rig if you plan to be a geo-technical engineer; to work

for a steel fabricator or in a design office if you intend to be a structural engineer．

How can you get this varied experience，these various components of civil engineering

that are so dissimilar？I think，for the most part，you have to do it by choosing your jobs

carefully and changing your job if and when it seems necessary．You may be lucky in your

very first job and go to work for an organization that designs，that supervises construction，

that makes its own laboratory tests，that supervises borings，and soon．If this should be true，

you would be fortunate，but this is not usually the case．Even such an organization may tend

to let you get stuck in one phase of their work，and you may have to persuade them from time

to time to let you work in other parts of their activities．More likely you will have to change

organizations，possibly even to move to another part of the country or of the

world．Unfortunately you can’t order the jobs that you want，when you want them，and where

you want them．But you can look at every opportunity to see if it fits in your plan and to judge

if the time is right to make a change．The breadth of experience so important in a civil

engineer’s background can’t be obtained any other way than by a variety of jobs or a variety

of activities within a given job．You owe it to yourself and to your career to see that you get

this varied background．On the other hand，while you’re getting this background，you ought

to avoid being a job-hopper．Each of your employers will have an investment in you．At least

for a while，when you start to work for him，he will not be getting his money’s worth from

you．You owe him a return on his investment，you owe him good work，and you owe staying

with him a reasonable minimum time while you’re getting that experience．

On my first real job，I had the good fortune to be working under Karl Terzaghi．He had a

good many requirements, but one of the most important was that I should keep a notebook in

which I should record not just what had done that day，but what had seen，what had

observed．When I went down into a tunnel heading，I should come back and sketch how the

heading was being executed and how it was being braced．I soon discovered that very often，

when came back，I couldn’t remember exactly what had gone on in the heading．I couldn’t

remember exactly how the bracing fit together．In other words，my eyes had seen what was

going on，but my brain didn’t really register．My powers of observation were poor．But as I

continued to keep this notebook，I discovered that more and more could remember what had

seen，and more and more my powers of observation developed，I recommend this to you as

one way to make your experience more meaningful．

An investment of ten years or so after your degree，including perhaps graduate studies as

well，in accordance with a carefully planned but flexible program，will go a long way to ward

assuring success in your engineering career．But there is another important aspect to be

considered．Any worthwhile career is demanding．It makes demands on your time and effort，

and also on your family．And there are other demands on your life besides your career．Your

wife or your husband will have her or his own goals and even may also have a career in

mind．The demands of others in your life and the fulfillment of their goals and careers will

require cooperation，adjustment，give and take．Moves from one place to another will require

leaving friends，will require that your children change schools．Tensions and conflicts are

inevitable and compromise and reason are necessary．You and your partner will need the best

possible understanding．Many a marriage has foundered on the career ambitions of one or

both partners and，conversely，many a career has foundered on unreasonable or non

understanding social or financial demands of the partner．There is seldom a perfect solution to

this problem，but there are many good solutions．The important thing is to face up to the

problems early and to keep working on them．The best engineers，I think, have achieved a

reasonable balance among their goals in life．Often they can truly say that their partner in life

has also been their partner in their career．

Your generation has a most exciting prospect．Don’t believe for a minute the prophecies that

technology has outlived its usefulness．You will have, fortunately，much more to consider

than technology．You will need to be true conservationists，true ecologists in the positive

sense．You will need to be involved in the social cost-benefit assessments of civil engineering

work above and beyond the dollar cost-benefits．Progress in these directions will be the

challenge and the great achievement of your generation，and it is an exciting prospect．But to

succeed，you must be fully prepared，not poorer，but better grounded technically than your

predecessors．In the next ten years，the choices you make and the experiences you get will be

crucial．As Honor Students，you have taken the first necessary step with skill and

distinction．All of us，your teachers，your parents，your husbands，wives，and friends wish

you even greater success in the future．Indeed you must succeed，or this world will be a

poorer place rather than a richer place in which to live．

Part two (60 points)

Passage one

The need for quality control throughout the construction process and, most importantly,

during the installation of the initial support is fundamental. To achieve the specified shotcrete

performance, Table 4, will require clear guidance on the mix design requirements, site trials

to prove the mix design and application processes, and qualifications of key staff.

Specific mix design issues will include pumpability, workability and cohesiveness.

Additives and admixtures, for example silica fume, have proven benefits in achieving these

requirements without affecting either the early and long-term strength or durability

characteristics. At 10% by weight of cementitious material, silica fume, has been specified to

promote:

 Increased mix cohesiveness and increased bond to substrate

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