admin管理员组文章数量:1568418
2024年2月9日发(作者:)
现代语言学名词解释(3)
现代语言学名词解释
7 root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never
stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must
be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
8 affix词缀: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and
derivational.
9 prefix前缀: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.
10 suffix后缀: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems;
they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases
change its part of speech. 11 derivation派生: Derivation affixes
are added to an existing form to create a word. Derivation can be
viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form new words.
12 compounding组合: Like derivation, compounding is
another popular and important way of forming new words in
English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two
or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
四 句法学
1 linguistic competence语言能力: Comsky defines
competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his
language, and performance the actual realization of this
knowledge in linguistic communication.
2 sentence句子 : A sentence is a structurally independent
unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a
complete statement question or command. 3 transformation
rules转换法则: Syntactic movement is governed by
transformational rules. The operation of the transformational
rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
4 D-structure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic
representation. One exists before movement take place, the
other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic
exploration, these two syntactic representation are commonly
termed as D-structure.
5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase
structure rules, i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general
movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any
constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а
五 语义学
1 semantics语义学: Semantics can be simply defined as the
study of meaning in language.
2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of
the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the
linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized(语境).
3 reference 引用: Reference means what a linguistic form
refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship
between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of
experience.
4 synonymy同义 : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close
similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called
synonymy.
5 polysemy多义 : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same
one word may have more than one meaning. A word having more
than one meaning is called a polysemic word.
6 antonymy反义词组 : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness
of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called
antonyms.
7 homonymy一词多义 : Homonymy refers to the
phenomenon that words having different meanings have the
same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling,
or in both.
8 hyponymy上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense
relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more
specific word.
9 componential analysis成分分析 : Componential analysis is
a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural
semanticists.
10 grammatical meaning语法意义 : The grammatical
meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. its
grammatical well-formedness. The grammaticality of a sentence
is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.
11 semantic meaning语意 : The semantic meaning of a
sentence is governed by rules called se-le-ctional restrictions.
12 predication论断 : In semantic analysis of a sentence, the
basic unit is called predication. The predication is the abstraction
of the meaning of a sentence.
六 语用学
1 pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study
of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful
communication.
2 context上下文: The notion of context is essential to the
pragmatic study of language. Generally speaking, it consists of
the knowledge that is shared by the speaker and the hearer.
3 utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on
sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a
sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a
context.
4 locutionary act言内行为: A locutionary act is the act of
utterance words,phrases,clauses. It is the act of conveying literal
meaning by means of syntax, lexion and phonology.
5 illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act
expressing the speaker’s intention; It is the act performed in
saying something.
6 perlocutionary act语言表达行为: A illocutionary act is the
act performed by or resulting from saying something: it is the
consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance;
it is the act performed by saying something.
七 历史语言学
1 historical linguistics历史语言学: Historical linguistics is the
subfield of linguistics that studies language change.
2 apocope字尾音消失: Another well-documented sound loss
is the deletion of a word-final vowel segment, a phenomenon
called apocope.
3 epenthesis插入音: A change that involves the insertion of
a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as
epenthesis.
4 metathesis复分解: Sound change as a result of sound
movement is known as metathesis.
5 compounding词组: Compounding is a process of
combining two or more words into one lexical unit.
6 derivation派生: Derivation refers to the process by which
new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots.
7 blending混合: Blending is a process of forming a new word
by combining parts of other words.
8 back-formation逆构词: Back-formation is a process by
which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an
existing word.
9 semantic broadening语义化: Semantic broadening refers
to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes general
or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation..
10 semantic narrowing词义缩小: Semantic narrowing is a
process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or
inclusive than its historically earlier meaning.
11 semantic shift语义变化: Semantic shift is a process of
semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and
acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning.
12 protolanguage原始母语: It refers to a family of a language.
13 sound shift语音演变: It refers to the systematic
modification of a series of phonemes.
八 社会语言学
1 sociolinguistics社会语言学: Sociolinguistics is the study of
language in social context.
2 speech community社区语言: A speech community is thus
defined as a group of people who form a community and share
the same language or a particular variety of language.
3 speech variety语言变体: Speech variety, also known as
language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech
used by a speaker or group of speakers.
4 language planning语言规划: One way out of the
communication dilemma is language standardization known as
language planning. This means that certain authorities, such as
the government or government agency of a country, choose a
particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its
pronunciation and spelling system, across regional boundaries.
5 idiolect个人习语: Such a personal dialect is refered to as
idiolect.
6 standard language标准语言: The standard language is a
superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the
language employed by the government and the judiciary
system,used by the mass media.
7 nonstandard language方言: Language varieties other than
the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages.
8 lingua franca混合语: A lingua franca is a variety of language
that serves as a medium of communication among groups of
people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.
9 pidgin混杂语言: A pidgin is a variety of language that is
generally used by native speakers of other languages as a
medium of communication. 10 Creole克里奥耳语: A Creole
language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a
native language in some speech communication.
11 diglossia使用两种语言: Diglossia usually describes a
situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of
purely social function and appropriate for certain situations.
12 bilingualism双语: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic
situation in which two standard languages are used either by an
individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a
particular region or a nation.
13 ethic dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect
of a language ,often cutting across regional differences.
14 sociolect社会方言: Social dialect, or sociolects, are
varieties of language used by people belonging to particular
social classes.
15 register语域: Registers are language varieties which are
appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to
language varieties that are associated with the social or regional
grouping of their customary users. For that reason, registers are
also known as situational dialects.
16 slang俚语: Slang is a causal use of language that consists
of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary,
flashy and often ephemeral coinage and figure of speech
characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.
17 tabo 禁语: A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression
that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.
18 euphemism委婉语: Euphemism comes from the Greek
word euphemismos, meaning “to speak with good words”. A
euphemism, then ,is mild, indirect or less offensive word or
expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more
direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.
-----九 心理语言学
1 psycholinguistics语言心理学: Psycholinguistics is the study
of language in relation to the mind. As the suggests,
psycholinguistics is viewed as the intersection of psychology and
linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we acquire,
produce and comprehend.
2 cerebral cortex大脑皮层: The most important part of the
brain is the outside surf-ace of the brain, called the cerebral
cortex.
3 brain lateralization大脑侧化: The localization of cognitive
of cognitive and perpetual functions in a particular hemisphere
of the brain is called lateralization.
4 linguistic lateralization语言侧化: In their research of brain
lateralization, psycholinguistics are particulary interested in
linguistic lateralization, which is the brain’s neurological
specialization for language.
5 dichotic listening双听技术: Evidence in support of
lateralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from
researches in dichotic listening tasks 6 right ear advantage右耳优势: Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than
those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is know as the
right ear advantage.
7 critical period hypothesis关键假期说: The critical period
hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about
age two to puberty during which the human brain is most ready
to acquire a particular language and language learning can
proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction.
8 linguistic determinism语言决定论: Whorf proposed first
that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. That
is, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of
linguistic determinism.
9 linguistic relativism语言相对论: Whorf also believed that
speakers of different language perceive and experience the world
differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background, hence
the notion
10 subvocal speech无声语言: When language and thought
are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard
thought as “subvocal speech” of linguistic relativism.
十 语言习得
1 language acquisition语言习得: Language acquisition is
concerned with language development in humans. In general,
language acquisition refers to children’s development of their
first language, that is, the native language of the community in
which a child has been brought up.
2 telegraphic speech电报式语言: The early multiword
utterance of children have a special characteristic. They typically
lack inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories.
Because of their resemblance to the style of language found in
telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are often called
telegraphic speech.
3 holophrastic sentence独词句: Children’s one-word
utterance are also called holophrastic sentences.
4 acquisition获得: According to Krashen, acquisition refers to
the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first
language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
5 learning学习:Learning, however, is defined as a conscious
process of accumulating knowledge of a second language
usually obtained in school settings. 6 language transfer语言迁移:
Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a
second language. This is known as language transfer. 7 positive
transfer正迁移: Presumably, positive transfer occurs when an L1
pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target-language pattern.
8 negative transfer负迁移: Conversely, negative transfer
occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart
pattern of the target language. 9 contrastive analysis对比分析:
The Contrastive Analysis approach was founded on the belief that,
by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and
target language system, it was possible to predict what problems
learners of a particular second language would face and the
types of errors they would make.
10 interlanguage人工辅助语言: SLA is viewed as a process of
creative construction, in which a learner constructs a series of
internal representations that comprises the learner’s interim
knowledge of the target language, known as interlanguage.
11 formal instruction正规教学: Formal instruction occurs in
classrooms when attempts are made to raise learner’s
consciousness about the nature of target language rules in order
to aid learning.
12 instrumental motivation工具性动机: Thus, instrumental
motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is functional.
13 integrative motivation综合性动机: Integrative motivation
occurs when the learner’s goal is social.
14 acculturation文化互渗: A related issue with integrative
motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the
process of adapting to the new culture of the 12 community. This
adaptation process is called acculturation.
版权声明:本文标题:现代语言学名词解释(3) 内容由热心网友自发贡献,该文观点仅代表作者本人, 转载请联系作者并注明出处:https://www.elefans.com/xitong/1707459417a198282.html, 本站仅提供信息存储空间服务,不拥有所有权,不承担相关法律责任。如发现本站有涉嫌抄袭侵权/违法违规的内容,一经查实,本站将立刻删除。
发表评论