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2024年6月14日发(作者:)
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守护神农架
The Conservation of Shennongjia
—————
作者:李立欣 Li Lixin
翻译:庄驰原 Zhuang Chiyuan
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世界上罕见的原始森林之一,也是中国首个被联合国教
遗产三大保护制度共同录入名录的遗产地。神农架宛如
色,使它成为绚烂多姿的原生态旅游胜地。
神农架地处湖北省西北部,被誉为“地球之肺”,是
科文组织人与生物圈自然保护区、世界地质公园、世界
一幅绝美的水墨画卷,虽经历了开发、再开发及再利用,
但所幸,今天我们依然留住了它那最耀眼的底色——绿
Located in the northwest of Hubei Province,
Shennongjia, one of the rare primitive forests in the
world, is hailed as the “Lungs of the Earth.” It is also
the first heritage site in China to be concurrently
listed in three major protection systems: the
UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme,
the Global Geoparks Network, and the World
Heritage Site. The scenery there resembles a stunning
Chinese ink painting. Despite several rounds of
development and exploitation, fortunately, today we
still retain its most enchanting base color — green,
making it a splendid and diverse destination for eco-
tourism.
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粗犷开发利用之
“
殇
”
The Tragedy of Ill-Planned
Development and Exploitation
时,曾架木为梯以助攀援、架木为屋以避风寒、架木为
坛跨鹤升天,神农架由此得名。千百年来,人们依靠神
未曾经历大规模的开发和利用。
相传,华夏始祖之一的炎帝神农氏在此地采尝百草
农架的丰饶物产养家糊口,生生不息。神农架山峦叠嶂,
沟壑纵横,河谷险峻,地貌复杂,在20世纪50年代之前
According to legend, one of the forefathers of
Chinese civilization, the Yan Emperor Shennong,
named the place after his activities in this area. While
sampling hundreds of herbs here, he is said to have
erected ladders from wood to aid in climbing, erected
shelters from wood to protect against the wind
and cold, and erected a wooden altar to ascend to
heaven on a crane. Shennongjia (with jia meaning “to
erect”) derives its name from these legendary events.
For thousands of years, people have relied on the
abundant natural resources of Shennongjia to sustain
their livelihoods, thriving generation after generation.
However, this area, characterized by its overlapping
mountains, crisscrossing ravines, perilous valleys,
and complex terrain, had remained largely untouched
and undeveloped until the 1950s.
开始对神农架进行开发。1970年,国家设立“神农架林
区”,这是中国唯一以“林区”命名的省辖行政区。神农
架因林建区,借林而兴,开启了“木头经济”时期。回
忆起当年的粗犷式开发,神农架国家公园管理局工作人
时向神农架腹地推进,路修到哪里,就砍伐到哪里。”不
20世纪60年代,由于国家建设需要大量木材,人们
头经济”时期。但采矿造成了山体裸露,又引发了次生
地质灾害,开采被迫停止。人们说,“靠山吃山,靠水吃
水”,但神农架人守着一座“金山”却依然在受穷。
员张建兵说:“近万名工人响应号召,从南北两个方向同
久后,人们意识到砍伐森林会对生态环境造成严重的破
流来发电。但因河流发电会对神农架的地质地貌和水系
造成严重破坏,小水电的开发也停止了。此后,人们又
坏,于是转向大力发展小水电,利用神农架境内317条河
通过开采神农架矿产资源来发展经济,由此进入了“石
In the 1960s, due to China’s large timber demand
for construction, development began in Shennongjia.
In 1970, the state established the Shennongjia
Forestry District, the only administrative region in
China named after a forest area. The prosperity of
timber industry marked the beginning of the “timber
economy” period in Shennongjia. Reflecting on
the rough development of that era, Zhang Jianbing,
a staff member of the Shennongjia National Park
Administration, said, “Nearly ten thousand workers
responded to the call of the nation and went into
the heart of Shennongjia from both the south and
north. Wherever the roads were built, that’s where
the trees were felled.” But it was soon realized
that this deforestation was causing severe damage
to the ecological environment. As a result, there
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保护型旅游开发之
“
变
”
The Transformation Towards
Conservation-Oriented Tourism
人工修复为辅”的理念,开始了修复保护与旅游开发并
区”。1990年,神农架加入联合国教科文组织世界生物圈
为了留住青山碧水,神农架人秉承“自然修复为主,
举的发展阶段。1982年,“神农架自然保护区”成立,
不久后,升级为国家级“森林与野生动物类型自然保护
保护区网。2000年,神农架全面停止天然林采伐——林
场工人们放下伐木刀,变身护林员,守护这里的野生动
植物。至此,神农架实现了由木头经济、石头经济向保
护型旅游经济发展的历史性转变。
was a shift towards developing small hydropower
projects, utilizing the 317 rivers in Shennongjia for
electricity generation. But this too was stopped, as
the hydroelectric development severely damaged
Shennongjia’s geological features and water
systems. Subsequently, people shifted to a “stone
economy,” mining Shennongjia’s mineral resources.
However, this exposed the mountainsides and
triggered secondary geological disasters, leading
to the cessation of mining activities. When the
old saying goes, “Live by the mountains and eat
from the mountains, live by the water and drink
from the water,” the irony is that despite living
amidst abundant natural resources, the people of
Shennongjia still faced poverty.
To preserve the green mountains and clear
waters, the people of Shennongjia have adhered
to the concept of “focusing on natural restoration
with human-induced restoration as a supplement,”
initiating a development phase that balances
restoration and protection with tourism development.
In 1982, the “Shennongjia Nature Reserve” was
established, and it was soon upgraded to a national-
level “Forest and Wildlife Type Nature Reserve.”
In 1990, Shennongjia joined the UNESCO World
Network of Biosphere Reserves. By 2000, Shennongjia
completely halted the logging of natural forests — the
lumberjacks put down their saws to become forest
rangers, protecting the local wildlife and flora. So far,
Shennongjia has achieved a historic transition from
a wood and stone-based economy to a conservation-
oriented tourism economy.
叔家走亲戚时,能看到叔叔狩猎捕获的狼、豹、熊等野
一个村庄宣讲到另一个村庄,从一个山坡巡视到另一个
据一位网友回忆,20世纪80年代,他去神农架叔
生动物,还能吃到一些野味;但到了90年代就很少再有
人捕猎野生动物了。这离不开护林员的努力——他们从
山坡,用行动转变村民的观念。渐渐地,村民也意识到,
只有守住绿色的森林,才能给生活在这里的3 000多种植
民也从曾经的狩猎者转变为森林的守护者。
物、1 000多种动物提供良好的栖息环境。由此,很多村
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A netizen recalled that in the 1980s, when
visiting his uncle’s house in Shennongjia, he could
see wild animals like wolves, leopards, and bears
that his uncle had hunted and even taste some game
meat. However, by the 1990s, the hunting of wild
animals had greatly reduced. This change was largely
attributed to the efforts of the forest rangers — they
traveled from village to village, patrolling from
one hillside to another, changing villagers’ mindset
through their actions. Gradually, the villagers realized
that maintaining the green forests was essential for
providing a good habitat for over 3,000 species of
plants and more than 1,000 species of animals living
there. As a result, many villagers transformed from
hunters into protectors of the forest.
游客们呼吸着饱含负氧离子的空气,沿着九曲十八弯山
一边聆听着优美动人的传说,一边感受着原生态旅游独
有的奇幻魅力。
多年来,神农架采取的保护型旅游开发已见成效。
守护生态家园之
“
韧
”
The Persistent Protection of the
Ecological Homeland
多,囊括了东到日本中部、西达喜马拉雅山、北抵漠河、
南至西双版纳范围内的诸多动植物种类,是世界上中纬
度地区植被最完整的地区之一。为了守护这一珍稀的生
创造了神农架40多年无火灾发生的奇迹。
命家园,森林守护者们凭借坚韧不拔的毅力,通过经年
神农架总面积为3 253 平方千米,其中动植物种类繁
累月的不懈努力,在高科技信息化管护网络的助力下,
路心情舒畅地漫行,移步换景,欣赏沿途的奇树、奇花、
奇洞、奇峰,领略大自然造就的奇迹与生命之美。人们
Over the years, the conservation-oriented tourism
development adopted in Shennongjia has shown
positive results. Visitors breathe air rich in negative
ions, leisurely stroll along the winding mountain roads
with “nine bends and eighteen turns,” experiencing
changing landscapes at every step. They admire the
extraordinary trees, flowers, caves, and peaks along the
way, appreciating the miracles and beauty of life created
by nature. While listening to beautiful legends, people
experience the unique enchantment of ecotourism.
Shennongjia covers an area of 3,253 square
kilometers, hosting a diverse range of flora and fauna.
It includes species found from central Japan in the
east, the Himalayas in the west, Mohe in the north,
and Xishuangbanna in the south, making it one of the
most complete vegetation areas in the world’s mid-
latitudes. To protect this rare habitat, forest rangers
have demonstrated unwavering determination and
relentless effort over the years. Assisted by a high-
tech, information-based management network, they
have achieved the remarkable feat of averting any fire
incidents in Shennongjia for over 40 years.
心负责人通过北斗导航巡护手机向巡山的护林员询问情
一个监测点。在这里,空中有无人机,山上有监控,路
神农架自然保护区的网络监控中心全年无休。中
况,当听到“这里一切正常”的回复时,便立刻转接下
上有火警探测头,林内有巡护,人人都是护林员。为了
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更快地促进生态修复,神农架湿地、林地及腹
地的原住民们作出了极大的牺牲,他们移居
至96%。
至异地,无怨无悔。在所有人的共同努力下,
神农架的森林覆盖率得以很好地恢复,提升
The network monitoring center of the
Shennongjia Nature Reserve operates year-
round. The person in charge communicates
with patrolling forest rangers using
smartphones equipped with the Beidou
Navigation System. Upon receiving a
response of “all good,” they immediately
switch to the next monitoring point. In
Shennongjia, drones patrol the skies,
cameras keep watch on the mountains, fire
alarm detectors line the roads, and rangers
roam the forests — everyone contributes
to forest protection. To further expedite
ecological restoration, the indigenous
residents of Shennongjia’s wetlands, forests,
and hinterlands made significant sacrifices.
They relocated without complaint or regret.
Thanks to everyone’s collective efforts, the
forest coverage in Shennongjia has been
restored to an impressive 96%.
The dedication and hard work of these forest protectors
have left future generations with a green oasis, a homeland with
a tenacious ecological system, for the harmonious coexistence
of humans and nature.
人与自然和谐共处的生态家园。
森林守护者们的坚守和努力为子孙后代留下了一片绿洲,一片
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