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句子成分和句子种类详解
句子成分和结构是英语的基础,是理解和表达英语的关键。英语中许多词类都对句子成
分和结构有影响。英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的,这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用,
叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的,不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构,这些句
式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。学习英语句法的基础是了解句子成分、句子的基本结
构和句子种类。
I 句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语和补足语等。
主语和谓语是句子的主体部分;
表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分。
1. 主语:主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者,常用的作主语的词类有:名词(短语)、代词、
数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和从句。
Subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about.
1)名词:The students are learning grammar.
Our teacher speaks very fast.
2)代词:She is writing.
He likes playing tennis.
3)数词:Five is an odd number.
Six is my favourite number.
4)不定式:To learn English well is important.
It is not easy to remember all rules.
5)动名词:Swimming is interesting.
Learning grammar well is difficult.
6)主语从句:What I said is true.
What we can't get seems better than what we have.
2. 谓语:谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词,有人称、
数和时态的变化。
Predicate says something about the subject and bears the new information which
the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader.
1)简单谓语
动词:He bought a dictionary yesterday.
动词短语:He is looking for his pen.
2)复合谓语
系动词+表语:We are students.
情态动词+不定式:I may be wrong.
动词+不定式:We have to do something for them.
3. 表语:表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语,用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身
份等。充作表语的可以是单词、短语或从句。
Predicative expresses the status, characteristics or the quality of the subject.
1)名词:He is a doctor.
Mr. Scott is a farmer.
2)代词:It is me.
That's something we have always to keep in mind.
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3)数词:My lucky number is nine.
She was the first to learn about it.
4)形容词:The classroom is big.
His hair has gone white.
5)副词:I am here.
6)介词:We are in the classroom.
7)动名词:My job is teaching them grammar.
= Teaching them grammar is my job.
8)分词:The film is exciting.
Time is pressing. Let's hurry up.
9)不定式短语:My job is to teach them grammar.
All I can do is to send her a telegram.
10)表语从句:He looks as if he were going to cry.
The suggestion is that we should recite more words.
注意:名词:身份、性质、内容。
形容词:特点、特征。
4. 宾语:宾语为动作的承受者。
Object represents the person or the thing that something is done to or the person
who is concerned in the result of an action.
1)名词:He is drinking water.
I've bought an English-Chinese dictionary.
2)代词:The teacher is talking to her.
They didn't promise him anything.
3)数词:I like six.
I want the first.
4)动名词:He likes watching TV.
I enjoyed working with you.
5)不定式:I want to buy a book.
My father likes to swim in winter.
6)宾语从句:He asked if he might go there.
Did you write down what she said?
注意:英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。
1)单宾语:I can hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up?
Please stop making noise.
Do you understand what I mean?
2)双宾语:双宾语指动词后面接指人和指物的两个宾语。
(指人的宾语叫间接宾语;指物的宾语叫直接宾语)
其结构为:主语+及物动词(短语)+sb. + sth.
Please tell me how the accident came about.
(me为间接宾语,how从句为直接宾语)
The teacher asked me a question.
(me为间接宾语,a question为直接宾语)
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