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2024年4月3日发(作者:)
管理类专业学位联考英语(阅读理解)历年真题试卷汇编2
(总分50,考试时间90分钟)
2. Reading Comprehension
Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at
the heart of Joseph Nye"s new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of
Government at Harvard and one-time chairman of America"s National Intelligence Council, is
best known for promoting the idea of "soft power", based on persuasion and influences, as a
counterpoint to "hard power", based on coercion(强迫)and force. Having analyzed the use of
soft and hard power in policies and diplomacy in his previous books, Mr. Nye has now turned his
attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business
spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is
difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved." In short, hard power
is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theories **e to the opposite conclusion.
The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is
becoming outdated. In **panies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional
hierarchies(等级制)are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does
not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he
advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Powers to Lead, his survey of the
theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls "smart power", is
the best approach. The domination theoretical model of leadership at the moment is,
apparently, the "transformational leadership pattern". Anyone allergic(反感)to management term
will already be running for the exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up
and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim
volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the
wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes
and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate. Ales, leadership is a
slippery subject, and as he depicts various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jerry to the
wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership - in particular,
the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie - and he provides a
helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change,
different sorts of leaders are required, a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in
another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy
answers.
1. From the first two paragraph we may learn that Mr. Machiavelli"s idea of hard power is______.
A. well accepted by Joseph Nye
B. very influential till nowadays
C. based on sound theories
D. contrary to that of modern leadership theories
2. Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr. Nye?
A. Coercion is widespread.
B. Morality is devalued.
C. Power is no longer concentrated.
D. Traditional hierarchies are strengthened.
3. In his book The Powers to Lead, Mr. Nye has examined all the following aspects of leadership
EXCEPT______.
A. authority B. context
C. approaches D. morality
4. Mr. Nye"s book is particularly valuable in that it______.
A. makes little use of management terms
B. summarizes various studies concisely
C. serves as an exit for leadership researches
D. sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders
5. According to the author, the most interesting part of Mr. Nye"s book lies in his______.
A. view of changeable leadership
B. definition of good leadership
C. summary of leadership history
D. discussion of moral leadership
Americans don"t like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is.
There are shooting wars—the kind that test patriotism and courage—and those are the kind at
which the U.S. excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great
Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of
flag—when the job is done, they earned it. Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming.
The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first
order, and by any measure, the U.S. is losing. Indeed, if America is fighting at all, it"s fighting on
the wrong side. The U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world"s greenhouse gases each year and
has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn"t intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations
approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away
from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with
hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking
a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It"s hard to imagine a bigger fight than
one for the survival of a country"s coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its
economy. The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a
global emergency, there"s far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its plans, which too
often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists
that could weaken American"s growth. But let"s assume that those interested parties and others
will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs
be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like — one that would
leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound ? Halting climate change
will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a
reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a
consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can,
without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the
survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what"s
needed most is will. "I"m not saying the challenge isn"t almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp.
"But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."
6. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. Human wars.
B. Economic crisis.
C. America"s environmental policies.
D. Global environment in general.
7. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country"s coasts and
farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is______.
A. of utmost importance
B. a fight no one can win
C. beyond people"s imagination
D. a less significant issue
8. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means______.
A. friction B. contradiction
C. conflict D. problem
9. What is the author"s attitude toward America"s policies on global warming?
A. Critical. B. Indifferent.
C. Supportive. D. Compromising.
10. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with______.
A. the new book written by Fred Krupp
B. how America can fight against global warming
C. the harmful effects of global warming
D. how America can tide over economic crisis
Last weekend Kyle MacDonald in Montreal threw a party to celebrate the fact that he got his new
home in exchange for a red paper clip. Starting a year ago, MacDonald bartered the clip for
increasingly valuable stuff, including a camp stove and free rent in a Phoenix flat. Having
announced his aim(the house)in advance, MacDonald likely got a boost from techies eager to see
the Internet pass this daring test of its networking power. "My whole motto(座右铭)was "Start
small, think big, and have fun"," says MacDonald, 26, " I really kept my effort on the creative side
rather than the business side." Yet as odd as the MacDonald exchange was, barter is now big
business on the Net. This year more than 400, 000 companies worldwide will exchange some $10
billion worth of goods and services on a growing number of barter sites. These Web sites **panies
to trade products for a virtual currency, which they can use to buy goods from other members. In
Iceland, garment-maker Kapusalan sells a third of its output on the booming Vidskiptanetid
exchange, earning virtual money that it uses to buy machinery and pay part of employee salaries.
The Troc-Services exchange in France offers more than 4, 600 services, from math lessons to
is not a primitive barter system. By creating currencies, the Internet removes a major
barrier—what Bob Meyer, publisher of BarterNews, calls "the double coincidence of wants." That
is, two parties once not only had to find each other, but also an exchange of goods that both
desired. Now, they can price the deal in virtual currency. Barter also helps firms make use of
idle capacity. For example, advertising is "hugely bartered" because many media, particularly on
the Web, can supply new ad space at little cost. Moreover, Internet ads don"t register in
industry-growth statistics, because many exchanges are arranged outside the formal exchanges.
Like eBay, most barter sites allow members to "grade" trading partners for honesty quality and so
on. Barter exchanges can allow firms in countries with hyperinflation or nontradable currencies to
enter global trades. Next year, a nonprofit exchange called Quick Lift Two(QL2)plans to open in
Nairobi, offering barter deals to 38, 000 Kenyan farmers in remote areas. Two small planes will
deliver the goods. QL2 director Gacii Waciuma says the farmers are excited to be "liberated from
corrupt middlemen." For them, barter evokes a bright future, not a recapitalize past.
11. The word "techies"(Line 4, Para. 1)probably refers to those who are______.
A. afraid of technology
B. skilled in technology
C. ignorant of technology
D. incompetent in technology
12. Many people may have deliberately helped Kyle because they______.
A. were impressed by his creativity
B. were eager to identify with his motto
C. liked his goal announced in advance
D. hoped to prove the power of the Internet
13. The Internet barter system relies heavily on______.
A. the size of barter sites
B. the use of virtual currency
C. the quality of goods or services
D. the location of **panies
14. It is implies that Internet advertisements can help______.
A. companies make more profit
B. companies do formal exchanges
C. media register in statistics
D. media grade barter sites
15. Which of the following is true of QL2 according to the author?
A. It is criticized for doing business in a primitive way.
B. It aims to deal with hyperinflation in some countries.
C. It helps get rid of middlemen in trade and exchange.
D. It is intended to evaluate the performance of trading partners.
The lives of very few Newark residents are untouched by violence: New Jersey"s biggest city has
seen it all. Yet the murder of three young people, who were forced to kneel before being shot in
the back of the head in a school playground on August 4th, has shaken the city. A fourth, who
survived, was stabbed and shot in the face. The four victims were by all accounts good kids, all
enrolled in college, all with a future. But the cruel murder, it seems, has at last forced Newarker to
say they have had enough. Grassroots organizations, like Stop Shootin", have been flooded
with offers of help and support since the killings. Yusef Ismail, its co-founder, says the group has
been going door-to-door asking people to sign a pledge of non-violence. They hope to get 50, 000
to promise to "stop shootin", start thinkin", and keep livin"." The Newark Community Foundation,
which was launched last month, announced on August 14th that it will help pay for Community
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