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2024年3月17日发(作者：)
Chapter 7 Language change语言变化
知识点：
1. *Definition: clipping; blend; acronym; back-formation
2. Morphological and syntactic change
3. *Vocabulary change
4. Some recent trends in language change
5. Causes of language change
考核目标：
识记：Definition: clipping; blend; acronym; back-formation
领会：Morphological and syntactic change; Vocabulary change
简单应用：Some recent trends in language change; Causes of language change
一、定义
1. Clipping略写词：A kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.
指比较长的词或短语的缩写
2. Blending 混合法：A process of forming a new word by combining parts of
two other words.
3. Acronym首字母缩略词 ：words derived from the initials of several words通
过组合每个词的首位字母构成新词
4. Back-formation 逆向构词法： new words are formed by taking away the
suffix of an existing word. 新词可以通过“去掉”现存的词的后缀而被创造出
来
二、知识点
7.2 Phonological changes元音变化
One of the most obvious change in English is the systematic and regular change in the
Vowel Change:
Old English古英语 Modern English现代英语
[ā] (如在arm中)
stān
hām
wrāt
rād
[ ]
stone
home
wrote
rode
Around the death of Chaucer in 1400，元音开始了进一步的转变。中世纪英语的vowel
元音经历了巨大的变化：p261中，p94英
7.3 Morphological and syntactic change形态和句法变化
7.3.1 Addition of affixes
词缀增加
词汇的增加 borrowing 和word formation.
The most obvious way in which modern English differs lexically from old English is the number
of Borrowed words from other languages.
由于英语从法语中借入了诸如favourable和accomplishment一类的词使得
-able和 -ment加入到英语的形态系统中。
Grammaticalization: In addition to the borrowed affixes, some lexical
forms became grammaticalized over time.
Fusion融合:
refers to this type of grammaticalization in which word
develop into affixes, either prefixes前缀 or suffixes.后缀
1）
prefixes前缀 ：affix + base
2）suffixes.后缀 ：base + affix
Many of modern English suffixes are derived from early words by means of
fusion. (p95英)
7.3.2 Loss of affixes词缀丢失 （p96英 see）
在古英语中， -bora通常加在名词的后边派生出一个表示相应动作的执行者的名
词，但是在现代英语中这个派生后缀已经丢失，如：
mund ("protection") + bora mundbora ("protector")
派生规则丢失的另外一个例子是-yan的丢失。在古英语中，-yan加在形容词的后边派
生出一个使役动词。在现代英语中，-yan已经消失。
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