英语六级高频词汇速记 + 2018-12-1听力 Day03

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收藏 | 英语六级高频词汇1000个16天背完

extraordinary

a. 不平常的，非凡的

perpetual

a. 永恒的；没完没了的

rub

vt. 摩擦

prejudice

n. 偏见；vt. 使有偏见；损害

dome

n. 圆屋顶

vacuum

n. 真空；真空吸尘器；v. 用吸尘器清扫

kidney

n. 肾

profile

n. 侧面（像）；轮廓；姿态；vt. 为…描绘

vigorous

a. 有力的；精力充沛的

fancy

vt./n. 喜欢；想象（力）；a. 昂贵的；别致的

optical

a. 光（学）的；眼的；视觉的

astronomy

n. 天文学

catastrophe

n. 大灾难

foresee

vt. 预见，预知

afflict

vt. 折磨

prescribe

vt. 开（药）；规定

certify

vt. 证明；发证书给

hazard

n. 危险；vt. 尝试着做；冒…风险

toxic

a. 有毒的

dioxide

n. 二氧化物

absurd

a. 荒谬的

transplant

vt. 移栽；移植；使迁移；n. 移植

ample

a. 足够的；宽敞的

terrific

a. 极妙的；极大的

cafeteria

n. 自助餐馆

nuisance

n. 令人讨厌的东西，讨厌的人

retrieve

vt. 重新得到；挽回；检索

polish

vt. 磨光；润色

brochure

n. 小册子

eligible

a. 有恰当资格的；合适的

antique

a. 古老的；n. 古董

memorial

a. 纪念的；n. 纪念碑

designate

vt. 指派；标出

disregard

vt. 漠视；n. 忽视

overload

vt. 超过负荷；n. 超载

discharge

v. 允许…离开；排出；卸（货）；放电；n. 释放；放电

compel

vt. 强迫

strand

n.（线等的）缕；一个组成部分；vt. 使搁浅

ignorant

a.（of）不知道的；无知的

aggravate

vt. 加重；激怒

compulsory

a. 强制性的，必修的

personnel

n.人员；人事部门

motivate

vt. 激励

complicated

a. 复杂的

offend

vt. 冒犯；使厌恶；违反

whereby

ad. 借以

incur

vt. 招致

restore

vt. 恢复；修复；归还

plea

n. 恳求；抗辩；借口

insane

a. 荒唐的；精神失常的，疯狂的

preview

n. 预演；预告（片）

explicit

a. 详述的，明晰的；直言的

anniversary

n. 周年纪念（日）

forerunner

n. 先驱；前兆

depict

vt. 描绘

proceed

vi. 进行，继续下去；行进

slump

vi. 暴跌；突然倒下；n. 萧条期，低潮

esteem

n./vt. 尊重

currency

n. 货币；通行

exert

vt. 尽（力）；运用

cocaine

n. 可卡因

oriental

a. 东方的，东方文化的

vein

n.静脉，血管，叶脉，矿脉，纹理，方式

warehouse

n. 仓库

pasture

n. 牧草地，牧场；vt. 放牧

pearl

n. 珍珠；珠状物；珍品

municipal

a. 市的，市政的

murmur

n. 小声说；小声抱怨，咕哝；（微风、流水等）发出连续而低沉的声音

pedal

n. 踏板；v. 踩踏板，骑车， 脚蹬

prophet

n. 先知；预言家

sacred

a. 神圣的；宗教（性）的；神圣不可侵犯的

salute

vt. 向…敬礼；赞扬vi. 敬礼，致意；n. 敬礼，致意

rupture

n. 破裂；（关系的）决裂，断绝；v.（使）破裂

unanimous

a. 全体一致的，一致同意的

vegetation

n. 植物，草木

economical

a. 节约的，经济的

abrupt

a. 意外的；鲁莽的

accord

n. 一致；协议；vi.（with）相一致 vt. 授予

bribe

vt./n. 贿赂

cheerful

a. 欢乐的，高兴的

edition

n. 版，版本

furnish

vt. 布置；提供，装备

idle

a. 懒散的；空闲的；无用的 vi. 无所事事 vt.（away）虚度

ignorance

n. 无知

vain

a. 徒劳的；自负的

violate

vt. 违反；亵渎；侵犯

characteristic

a. 特有的；n. 特性

divorce

n./v. 离婚；分离

听力

英语六级听力合集

Conversation 1（00：35-3:55）

A: Hey I just read a great book about physics. I think you’d like it. It’s called the physics of the world. It‘s written by a scientist named Sylvia Mendez.
B: Oh I read that book. It was great. The writer is a warm【温暖、热情的】and competent【有能力的】guide to the mysteries【神秘的事物】of physics. I think it promises enrichment【丰富】for any reader from those who know little about science to the career physicist【职业的物理学家】.
A: And it‘s refreshing【令人耳目一新的】to see a strong curious【求知欲强的】clever woman adding her voice to the scientific discourse【演讲】and a field that has been traditionally dominated by men. I think she has to be commended【赞扬、推荐】for making an effort to include anecdotes【奇闻轶事】about little known female scientists【鲜为人知的女科学家】. You know they were often victims【受害者】of a generation firmly【坚固的】convinced that the woman’s place was in the home.
B: I like how the book is clearly written with each chapter【章】brought to life by pieces of fascinating knowledge. For example in one chapter she exposes【暴露】a myth that I‘ve heard taught by university physics professors. I’ve often heard that medieval glass windows【中世纪的玻璃窗】are thicker【厚的】at the bottom because glass flows【流动】like a fluid【液体】. This, she shows【她表示】, is not true. The distortion【变形】is actually thanks to a peculiarity【特点】of the glassmakers process.
A: Yeah I like how she cultivates【栽培、培育】scientific engagement【婚约、参与】by providing a host of Do-It-Yourself experiments that bring the same foundational principles【原理、原则】of classical physics that govern【统治、管理】everything from the solar system【太阳系】to your kitchen table. From using complex laws of physics to test whether a spinning【旋转的】egg is cooked【煮熟的】to measuring atmospheric pressure【大气压】by lifting【举起】a piece of cardboard【硬纸板】. Her hands-on examples make her book a truly interactive read【交互式阅读】.
B: Yes, I must say this, a equation-free【没有方程式】book is an ideal read for scientists of all stripes【条纹】, anyone teaching science and even people who dislike physics.

Question 1:What does the woman say about the book the man recommended?
Question 2: What can we find in the book the man recommended?
Question 3: How does the author bring her book to life?
Question 4: How does the book cultivate readers interest in physics.

Conversation 2（3:55-6:55）

A:Hi professor. I was hoping I could have a moment of your time if you‘re not too busy. I’m having some problems getting started on my dissertation【学位论文】and I was hoping you could give me some advice on how to begin.
B:Sure. I have quite a few students though. So can you remind me what your topic is?
A:The general topic I chose is aesthetics【美学】, but that‘s as far as【就……而言】I’ve got. I don‘t really know where to go from there.
B:Yeah, that‘s much too large a topic. You really need to narrow【狭窄】it down in order to make it more accessible. Otherwise you’ll be writing a book.
A:Exactly. That‘s what I wanted to ask you about. I was hoping it would be possible for me to change topics. I’m really more interested in nature than beauty.
B:I‘m afraid you have to adhere to the assigned topic【指定的主题】. Still, If you’re interested in nature, then that certainly can be worked into your dissertation. We‘ve talked about Hume before in class right.
A:Oh yeah, he‘s the philosopher who wrote about where our ideas of beauty come from.
B:Exactly. I suggest you go to the library and get a copy of his biography. Start from there. But remember to stick to【坚持】the parameters of the assignment【作业、任务】. This paper is a large part of your cumulative grade【总分】. So make sure to follow the instructions【指令、说明】. If you take a look at his biography. You can get a good idea of how his life experiences manifest themselves in his theories of beauty, specifically the way he looked towards nature as the origin of what we find beautiful.
A:Great. Thanks for taking the time to answer my questions, Professor. I‘ll let you get back to class now.
B:If there‘s anything else you need, please come see me in my office any time.

Question 5: What is the man‘s problem?
Question 6: What does the professor think of the man‘s topic?
Question 7: What’s the man really more interested in?
Question 8: What does the professor say the man has to do?

Section B
Passage1（7:28-）

During the arctic【北极】winter from October to March, the average temperature in the frozen north typically【通常】hovers【徘徊】around minus【减去、负的】20 degrees Celsius【摄氏度】. But this year the Arctic is experiencing much higher temperatures.

On February the 20th the temperature in Greenland climbed above freezing【冰点】or zero degrees Celsius and it stayed there for over 24 hours. Then on February the 24th the temperature on Greenland‘s northern tip reached six degrees Celsius. Climate scientists describe the phenomenon as stunning. 

Weather conditions that drive this bizarre temperature surge【猛增】have visited the Arctic before. They typically appear about once in a decade. However, the last such increase in temperature took place two years ago.

This is troubling as climbing arctic temperatures combined with rapid sea ice loss are creating a new type of climate feedback loop which could accelerate Arctic warming. Indeed, sea ice cover in the Arctic is melting faster than expected. Without those masses of cooling sea ice, warm air brought to the Arctic can penetrate【刺入、渗入】further inland【内陆】than it ever did before. The air can stay warmer longer too. This drives additional melting.

Overall earth is warming at a rapid pace. 2014 through 2017 rank as the hottest years on record and the Arctic is warming twice as fast as any place else on earth. This raises unique challenges for Arctic wildlife and indigenous【本土的】people who depend on Arctic ecosystems to survive. Previously climate forecasts【预测】predicted that Arctic summer ice would disappear entirely by around 2060, but based on what scientists are seeing now the Arctic may be facing summers without ice within 20 years.

Question 9: What did climate scientists describe as stunning【令人震惊的】?
Question 10: What does the passage say about that temperature surge in the Arctic?
Question 11: What may occur in 20 years according to scientists’ recent observations?

Passage2（10：32-13:34）

A good dose of willpower is often necessary to see any task through whether it‘s sticking to a spending plan【支出计划】or finishing a great novel【小说、新奇的】. And if you want to increase that willpower. A new study suggests you just simply have to believe you have it. According to this study, what matters most is what we think about our willpower. If we believe it’s a finite resource, we act that way, we feel exhausted and need breaks between demanding【费时费力的、苛刻的】mental tasks. However, people who view their willpower as a limitless resource get energized【充满精力】instead.

The researchers used a psychological assessment tool to test the validity of the study. They asked 1100 Americans and 1600 Europeans to grade different statements【对不同的陈述进行评分】such as after a challenging mental activity, my energy is depleted and I must rest to get it refueled【加燃料】again or I can focus on a mental task for long periods without feeling tired. Although there was little difference between men and women overall. Americans were more likely to admit to needing breaks after completing mentally challenging tasks European participants on the other hand claimed they were able to keep going. 

Based on the findings, the researchers suggest that the key to boosting your willpower is to believe that you have an abundant supply of it. Your feelings about your willpower affect the way you behave. But these feelings are changeable, they said. Changing your beliefs about the nature of your self-control can have positive effects on character development. This leads to healthier behaviors and perceptions【认知、看法】of other people.

Question 12: What is often necessary for carrying through a task?
Question 13: What is the finding of the new study?
Question 14: What do we learn about European participants as compared with their American counterparts?
Question 15: What do the research say concerning people‘s feelings about willpower?

Section C
Recording 1（14:15-）
Here is my baby niece【侄女】Sarah. Her mum is a doctor and her dad is a lawyer. By the time Sarah goes to college the jobs her parents do are going to look dramatically different【截然不同】.

        In 2013, researchers at Oxford University did a study on the future of work.They concluded that almost one in every two jobs has a high risk of being automated【自动化】by machines. Machine learning is the technology that‘s responsible for【是……的原由】most of this disruption【扰乱、中断】. It’s the most powerful branch of artificial intelligence. It allows machines to learn from data and copy some of the things that humans can do. My company, Kaggle, operates on the cutting edge of【在...的顶端】machine learning. We bring together hundreds of thousands of experts to solve important problems for industry and academia. This gives us an unique perspective on what machines can do, what they can‘t do and what jobs they might automate or threaten. Machine learning started making its way into industry in the early 90s. It started with relatively simple tasks. It started with things like assessing credit risk【评估信用风险】from loan applications, sorting the mail by reading handwritten【手写的】zip codes. Over the past few years, we have made dramatic breakthroughs. Machine learning is now capable of far, far more complex tasks. In 2012, Kaggle challenged its community to build a program that could grade high school essays【可以给高中作文打分】. The winning programs were able to match the grades given by human teachers. 

Now given the right data, machines are going to outperform humans at tasks like this. A teacher might read 10000 essays over a 40-year career. A machine can read millions of essays within minutes. We have no chance of competing against machines on frequent【频繁的】high-volume tasks.

But there are things we can do that machines cannot. Where machines have made very little progress【进步很小】is in tackling novel situations【处理新情况】. Machines can’t handle things they haven‘t seen many times before. The fundamental limitation of machine learning is that it needs to learn from large volumes of past data. But humans don’t. We have the ability to connect seemingly different threads【连接看似不同的线索（线程）】 to solve problems we‘ve never seen before.

Question 16. What did the researchers at Oxford University conclude?
Question 17. What do we learn about Kaggle companies winning programs?
Question 18. What is the fundamental limitation on machine learning?

applicant：申请者
application：应用

Recording 2（18:00-）
We‘ve talked recently about the importance of sustainable energy. We’ve also talked about the different theories on how that can be done. So far, our discussions have all been theoretical【理论上的】. Now I have a practical question for you all. Can you run a 140,000 kilogram train on just the steam【蒸汽】generated by solar power? Well, one engineer, Tim Casselman, believes it‘s possible.

And his home city of Sacramento, California should see the technology’s first test as part of the upgrading of its rail【铁轨】yard【场地】. Casselman, who is an inventor and self-proclaimed【自称】steam visionary【有远见的人】, is campaigning for a new steam train that runs without any fire and could run on an existing 10 kilometer line, drawing tourists and perhaps offering city commuters a green alternative to their cars. Casselman wants to build an array of solar magnifying mirrors at one end of the line to collect and focus heat onto water filled tubes【管子】. This would generate steam that could be used to fill tanks【坦克、油箱】on a small steam train without the use of fire. Supplying power to trains in this way would offer the shortest distance from well【油井、水井】to wheels he says with the least amount of energy lost. According to Harry Valentijn, a Canadian engineer who is researching modern steam technology, a special tank measuring 2 by 10 metres【2 x 10 米】 could store over 750 kilowatt【千瓦】 hours of energy as high pressure steam enough to pull a two car train for an hour or so.

        Energy to drive a steam locomotive【火车头】can be stored in other materials besides water, for example, a team at Tohoku University in Japan has studied materials that can store large amounts of heat when heated. These materials turn from a solid into a liquid absorbing energy as they change phase. The liquid is maintained above its melting point until steam is required at which point the liquid is allowed to turn back into a solid releasing its stored【储存的】energy. Another team at Nagoya University in Japan has tested calcium【钙】compound【混合物】as an energy storage material. Heating this chemical compound drives off carbon【碳】dioxide gas【二氧化碳气体】, leaving calcium oxide【氧化物】. The gas can be stored under pressure and attain to recover【恢复】the energy. The gas is fed back over the calcium oxide. In theory, says Valentijn, this can create a high enough temperature to generate superheated steam.

Question 19: What has the speaker previously talked about?
Question 20: What is Tim Casselman trying to do in Sacramento?
Question 21: What has a Japanese research team tried to do?

Recording 3（21:55-）
Today‘s crisis in care for older people in England has two main causes. First, people are living longer with a lot more complex needs. Second, they rely on a system that has long been marked by a poor relation between national health and social-care services.
        Current services originate in【起源于】two key measures. They are the National Health Service and the 1948 National Assistance Act. This required local government to provide residential accommodation【住宿】for older people and supervise care homes run by independent organizations【独立组织】.They also provided home and community services including meals, day centers and home helpers and other subsidized【补助】services. The National Health Service was free and wholly publicly provided. It delivered【递送、发表】the best health-care for all. No such vision guided residential and community care though. The care was substantially【大量的】provided by voluntary【自愿的】services which worked together with local authorities【地方当局】as they long had with eligibility【资格】based on income. 

        Today, life expectancy【预期寿命】has risen from 66 for a male at birth in 1948 to around 80 now. In addition, there is better overall health and improved medical knowledge and care. This means an unprecedented【前所未有的】number of people are surviving longer in conditions requiring expert support. Families provide at least【至少】as much care as they ever did. Even so, they can rarely without subsidised support【补贴支持】address【地址、演讲、解决】serious personal needs. Care for older people faced persistent criticism as these trends became apparent【随着这些趋势变得明显】. 

From the early 1960s, local authorities were required to plan health and welfare services. The aim was to enable older people to remain in【停留在……】their own homes for as long as possible, but this increased concern about the lack of coordination between free health and paid-for【付费的】social care. Through the 1970s【整个1970年】, a number of measures sought【seek的过去分词】to improve matter.

However, at a time of financial crisis【金融危机】, funding diminished and little changed. In the 1980s, the government cut spending. Meanwhile, preference for private over public services made management even more difficult. Simultaneously, the number of sick older people grew. Governments emphasized the need to improve services. They did so though【虽然】while doing little to stop the erosion【侵蚀、削弱】of available aid.

Services were irregular【不平整的、不整齐的】across authorities【整个当局】. Unless【除非】you were prepared to pay, they were increasingly【不断增加的】difficult to obtain for any but the most severely disabled【残疾的】. Why has 60 years of criticism produced so little change?

Discrimination【歧视、鉴别】against older people has a long history. Additionally, those affected by inadequate health and social care are too vulnerable to launch the protests【抗议】 that have addressed other forms of discrimination.

Question 22: What is one cause of the current crisis in care for the elderly【老年人】in England?
Question 23: What does the speaker say about residential and community care?
Question 24: What made management of care for the elderly more difficult in the 1980s?
Question 25: What does the speaker say about older people in England?

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