每日阅读2021.11.11

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Who's poor in America? That's a question hard to answer. Hard because there's no conclusive definition of poverty. Low income matters, though how low is unclear. Poverty is also a state of mind that fosters self-defeating behavior-bad work habits, family breakdowns, and addictions. Finally, poverty results from bad luck: accidents, job losses, disability.

Despite poverty's messiness, we've measured progress against it by a single statistic: the federal poverty line. By this measure, we haven't made much progress. But the apparent lack of progress is misleading for two reasons.

First, it ignores immigration. Many immigrants are poor and low-skilled. They add to the poor. From 1989 to 2007, about three quarters of the increase in the poverty population occurred among Hispanics（西班牙裔美国人）-mostly immigrants and their children.

Second, the poor's material well-being has improved. The official poverty measure obscures this by counting only pre-tax cash income and ignoring other sources of support, including food stamps and housing subsidies. Although many poor live from hand to mouth, they've participated in rising living standards. In 2005, 91% had microwaves. 79% air-conditioning, and 48% cell phones.

The existing poverty line could be improved by adding some income sources and subtracting some expenses. Unfortunately, the administration's proposal for a "supplemental poverty measure" in 2011 goes beyond that. The new poverty number would compound public confusion. It also raises questions about whether the statistic is tailored to favor a political agenda. The "supplemental measure" ties the poverty threshold to what the poorest third of Americans spend on food, housing, clothing, and utilities. The actual threshold will probably be higher than today's poverty line. Many Americans would find this weird: people get richer, but "poverty" stays stuck..

What produces this outcome is a different view of poverty. The present concept is an absolute one: the poverty threshold reflects the amount estimated to meet basic needs. By contrast, the new measure embraces a relative notion of poverty: people are automatically poor if they're a given distance from the top, even if their incomes are increasing.

The new indicator is a "propaganda device" to promote income redistribution by showing that poverty is stubborn or increasing. The Census Bureau has estimated statistics similar to the administration's proposal. In 2008, the traditional poverty rate was 13.2%; estimates of the new statistic range up to l7%. The new poverty statistic exceeds the old, and the gap grows larger over time.

As senator Daniel Moynihan said, the administration is defining poverty up. It's legitimate to debate how much we should aid the poor or reduce economic inequality. But the debate should not be swayed by misleading statistics that few Americans could possibly understand. Government statistics should strive for political neutrality（中立）.This one fails.

• 单词

1. foster -v 促进；培养；孤立；助长
2. self-defeating -adj事与愿违的；自我挫败
3. mess -n/v混乱；杂乱；弄脏
4. messiness -n杂乱状况
5. statistic -n 统计资料；统计学；统计值
6. federal -adj 联邦的
7. obscure -v使模糊；使费解；-adj模糊的
8. subsidies -n 补贴；补助金
9. live from hand to mouth -仅够糊口
10. subtract -v 减去；减
11. administration -n 管理
12. supplemental -adj 增补性的；额外的
13. compound -v 使加重；使恶化 -n复合物 -adj复合的
14. tailor -v 专门制作；adj 合身的
15. threshold -n 门槛；入口
16. contrast -v 对比；对照
17. indicator -n 指示信号；标志
18. distribute -v 分配；分发

• 句子

1. Poverty is also a state of mind that fosters self-defeating behavior-bad work habits, family breakdowns, and addictions.

贫困也是一种心理状态，它会助长自我挫败的行为、坏的工作习惯、家庭破裂和上瘾。

1. the poor's material well-being has improved.

穷人的物质生活有所改善。

1. It also raises questions about whether the statistic is tailored to favor a political agenda

这也引起了人们的疑问，即统计数据是否有利于政治议程

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