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▉托福TPO25阅读Passage1原文文本:
The Surface of Mars
The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features,including huge
volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact
very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge,an enormous geologic area near
Mars’s est of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all:Olympus
Mons,with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter
at its three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller-a
“mere”18 kilometers high.
None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of
the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on d,they are shield volcanoes-
volcanoes with broad,sloping slides formed by molten four show distinctive
lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on
of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of of the
largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge,but many smaller ones are
found in the northern plains.
The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s
low surface lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano,the volcano’s
eventual height depends on the new mountain’s ability to support its own
lower the gravity,the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the
is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield
volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height(about 10 kilometers)above their
respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface ’s surface
gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth,so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as
the Martian shield volcanoes still active?Scientists have no direct evidence
for recent or ongoing eruptions,but if these volcanoes were active as recently as
100 million years ago(an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent
of impact cratering on their slopes),some of them may still be at least intermittently
ns of years,though,may pass between eruptions.
Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is Mariner spacecraft
found that the surface of Mars,as well as that of its two moons,is pitted with impact
craters formed by meteoroids falling in from on our Moon,the smaller craters
are often filled with surface matter-mostly dust-confirming that Mars is a dry desert
r,Martian craters get filled in considerably faster than their lunar
the Moon,ancient craters less than 100 meters across(corresponding
to depths of about 20 meters)have been obliterated,primarily by meteoritic
Mars,there are relatively few craters less than 5 kilometers in Martian
atmosphere is an efficient erosive agent,with Martian winds transporting dust from
place to place and erasing surface features much faster than meteoritic impacts alone
can obliterate them.
As on the Moon,the extent of large impact cratering(s too big to have
been filled in by erosion since they were formed)serves as an age indicator for the
Martian estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern
highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained
in this way.
The detailed appearance of Martian impact craters provides an important piece
of information about conditions just below the planet’s n craters are
surrounded by ejecta(debris formed as a result of an impact)that looks quite different
from its lunar counterparts.A comparison of the Copernicus crater on the Moon with
the(fairly typical)crater Yuty on Mars demonstrates the ejecta
surrounding the lunar crater is just what one would expect from an explosion ejecting
a large volume of dust,soil,and boulders.■However,the ejecta on Mars gives the
distinct impression of a liquid that has splashed or flowed out of crater.■Geologists
think that this fluidized ejecta crater indicates that a layer of permafrost,or water
ice,lies just a few meters under the surface.■Explosive impacts heated and liquefied
the ice,resulting in the fluid appearance of the ejecta.■
▉托福TPO25阅读Passage1题目:
Q1 The word“enormous”in the passage is closest in meaning to
ant
ely large
unusual
Q2 According to paragraph 1,Olympus Mons differs from volcanoes on the Tharsis
bulge in that Olympus Mons
more complex geologic features
less impact cratering
taller
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