目录
- Part 1 简单句
- 1.1 简单句的核心
- 1.1.1 简单句的核心构成
- 主谓
- 主谓宾
- 主谓双宾
- 主谓宾补
- 主系表
- 1.1.2 简单句的核心变化
- 1.1.2.1 谓语动词的变化
- 时态
- 情态
- 语态
- 否定
- 强调
- 1.1.2.2 主语、宾语、表语的变化
- 名词、代词
- 非谓语动词doing
- 非谓语动词to do
- 并列多个
- 1.2 简单句的扩展
- 1.2.1 词性角度的扩展
- 限定词
- 形容词、副词
- 介词短语
- 1.2.2 成分角度的扩展
- 非谓语动词作定语、状语
- 同位语、插入语
- Part 2 长难句
Part 1 简单句
1.1 简单句的核心
1.1.1 简单句的核心构成
主谓
He Cries.
...about 7 million people arrived.
主谓宾
I understand this.
This argument has attracted a lot of attention.
主谓双宾
It gave me the validation and confidence.
Last month,Howard Schmidt...offered the federal government a proposal...
主谓宾补
Furthermore,these losses make us mature...
Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today.
主系表
Yet this understanding is outdated.
系动词
| 系动词 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| be | 是（单独出现，无其他实义的动词） |
| get、become、turn、go、grow | 变得，成为 |
| look、sound、smell、taste、feel | 感官动词 |
| remain、keep | 保持… |
| seem、appear | 似乎… |
1.1.1小结
1.1.2 简单句的核心变化
1.1.2.1 谓语动词的变化
时态
四种时间：过去、现在、将来、过去将来
四种状态：一般。进行、完成、完成进行
4 x 4 = 16 种时态
1.一般时态
一般过去时：谓语动词 = did （动词的过去式）
The outbreak came to global notice in late April 2009...
一般现在时：谓语动词 = do/does （动词的原形或第三人称单数）
However,a ture cashless society is probably not around the corner.
一般将来时：谓语动词 = will + do 或 am/is/are going to + do
It will hold another meeting soon.
（一般）过去将来时：谓语动词 = would + do 或 was/were going to + do
(Facebook promised the European commission...)it would not link phone numbers to Fackbook identities...
2.进行时态
过去进行时：谓语动词 = was/were + doing
Theposition was just taking up too much time,she said.
现在进行时：谓语动词 = am/is/are + doing
...but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.
将来进行时：谓语动词 = will be + doing （其中be动词永远用原形be）
Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.
3.完成时态
过去完成时：谓语动词 = had + done
By February the next year Ms.Simmons had left the board.
现在完成时：谓语动词 = have/has + done
People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.
将来完成时：谓语动词 = will have + done
...we will have wasted them.
4.完成进行时态
过去完成进行时：谓语动词 = had been + doing
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003.
现在完成进行时：谓语动词 = have/has been + doing
Yes,new technology has been eating jobs forever,and always will.
将来完成进行时：谓语动词 = will have been + doing
了解即可
时态小结
| 过去 | 现在 | 将来 | 过去将来 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一般 | 一般过去时 did | 一般现在时 do/does | 一般将来时 will+do、am/is/are going+do | 一般过去将来时 would+do、was/were going to+do |
| 进行 be+doing | 过去进行时 was/were+doing | 现在进行时 am/is/are+doing | 将来进行时 will be+doing | x |
| 完成 have+done | 过去完成时 had+done | 现在完成时have/has+done | 将来完成时will have+done | x |
| 完成进行 have+been+doing | 过去完成进行时 had been+doing | 现在完成进行时 have/has been+doing | 将来完成进行时 will have been+doing | x |
情态
情态动词
| 现在时 | 过去时 |
|---|---|
| must | —— |
| can | could |
| will | would |
| shall | should |
| may | might |
1.情态动词表示“情态”
must 必须
To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.
can/could 能够/可以
They can also learn geometry by assembling a bicycle.
will/would 愿意/将要 （表示”将要“常用于将来时态）
Will you marry me?
...some will be less effective than others.
may/might 可以/可能
May I help you?
...guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency.
should 应该
Should they become charitable corporations?
I should have deep work scheduled for roughly the next month.
2.情态动词表示”推测“
推测可能性最高的是must，最低的是can’t/couldn’t；其他情态动词表示推测可以理解为”可能/也许“
...others suits may have an even greater impact.
...e-money might be more convenient...
语态
语态分为主动语态和被动语态
I eat apples. //主动
Apples are eaten. //被动
被动语态的构成：be + done
- 确定”被动的动作“，变为过去分词
- 确定”被动的时间“，把be变成对应的时态
- 根据主语，确定be动词的单复数
但是她的呼吁（过去）被认为是失败的：
But her appeal ____ a failure. (was considered)
2.被动语态与时态的结合
但是她的呼吁（过去）被认为是失败的：
But her appeal was considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁（现在）被认为是失败的：
But her appeal is considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁将会（现在的之后）被认为是失败的：
But her appeal will be considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁过去将会（过去的将来）被认为是失败的：
But her appeal would be considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁过去正在被认为是失败的：
But her appeal was being considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁现在正在被认为是失败的：
But her appeal is being considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁过去已经（过去的之前）被认为是失败的：
But her appeal had been considered a failure.
但是她的呼吁现在已经（现在的之前）被认为是失败的：
But her appeal has been considered a failure.
3.被动语态与情态的结合
Obesity... can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.
Their success may be determined by a suit...
否定
1.实义动词变否定
实义动词变否定前加助动词do/does/did，再加上not，最后加动词原形。
A few decades ago, many people didn't drink water outside of a meal.
We don't need more categories...
2.助动词和情态动词变否定
助动词和情态动词变否定直接后加not，例如be动词、情态动词、完成时态中的have/had等。
Thinner isn't always better.
Money may not quite buy happiness...
强调
想强调谓语动词部分，可直接在前面加上do/does/did，然后把谓语动词变回原形。通常强调谓语动词不用将来时态。
The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality...
The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run-up to 2012...
1.1.2.2 主语、宾语、表语的变化
主语、宾语、表语的部分通常由名词或代词充当，也可以换成其他相当于名词的形式，可以是非谓语动词doing或to do，又或者是从句。
名词、代词
It is the first worldwide epidemic...
代词It作主语，名词词组the first worldwide epidemic作表语，位于系动词is后。
非谓语动词doing
doing作主语
Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction...
Impulsive spending isn't an option...
doing作宾语
I love creating...
The most likely reason for departing a board was age...
非谓语动词to do
to do 作主语
It's easy to beat plastic.
It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality...
to do 作宾语
They really want to live their lives...
Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources.
to do 作表语
...the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them.
The idea is to create a federation of private online identity systems.
并列多个
However, Google and other big tech providers monitor ther efficiency closely...
...American businesses, communities, and consumers will be the losers.
1.2 简单句的扩展
1.2.1 词性角度的扩展
限定词
通常主语、宾语、表语都可由名词来充当，而名词前常常用限定词来修饰限定。限定词主要包括冠词、数词、名词所有格等。除了限定词外，名词也可以修饰名词。
America's Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.
More than three millions doses were to be made available in early October 2009...
形容词、副词
(一) 形容词、副词作修饰成分
1.形容词修饰名词：
作定语修饰名词，位于名词前后
High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.
作表语补充说明主语（主语通常为名词），位于系动词后
The reason for this is simple...
2.副词修饰动词、句子、形容词或其他的副词：
副词修饰动词
This man quickly nodded in agreement.
副词修饰句子
Suddenly,Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourate historical form.
副词修饰形容词或其他的副词
The trend toward "less" was not entirely foreign.
...those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly...
(二) 形容词、副词的三种比较级别
原级比较：as + adj./adv.原形（比较的内容） + as + 比较的对象
表示“和…相比一样的…”
But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.
比较级：adj./adv.的比较级（+ than + 比较的对象）
表示“（和…相比）更…”，通常用于两者之间的比较
...normal-weight people are in fact at higer risk of some diseases...
最高级：adj./adv.的最高级（+比较的对象，通常用介词短语表示范围）
表示“（…范围内）最…”，通常用于三者或以上的比较
...it represents our greatest national security threat.
介词短语
介词短语 = 介词 + 名词/代词/动名词（doing）
1.2.2 成分角度的扩展
非谓语动词作定语、状语
非谓语动词共有三种：
doing表示主动、done表示被动，to do表示目的。
非谓语动词作定语
作定语指的是修饰限定名词。
This proposed mandate was born of frustration.
It is the first worldwide epidemic designated by the WHO in 41 years.
非谓语动词作状语
作状语指的是修饰限定一个句子。
Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls' lives and interests.
Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity.
Can privacy be preserved while bringing safety and security to a world...?
同位语、插入语
同位语
同位语，用来解释说明名词，通常放在其解释的名词之后。可以用一个词，一个词组，甚至是一句话来作同位语（一个句子作同位语就是同位语从句）。
We,the users,convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.
...in NewYork one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers,filed for bankruptcy.
We divide newcomers into two categories:legal or illeagal,good or bad.
插入语
插入语是句子的非核心成分，而且它插入后造成原句的分裂，长难句分析时可以先去掉不看。
主谓结构作插入语，表示“某人说，某人认为…”：
The answer,says Dr.Kroo, lies with birds.
副词作插入语
Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise...
介词短语作插入语
Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together.
同位语和插入语的比较
同位语与前面的名词有关系，说的是同一件事或人；插入语与左右两边的内容没有直接关系。
Tony, my teacher, is coming here.
my teacher是同位语，解释说明Tony是谁，Tony和my teacher说的是同一个人。
Tony, with his students,is coming here.
with his students是插入语，补充说明Tony和谁一起来。Tony与with his students不是同一件事。
Part 2 长难句
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