Interactive Python：Mini-project # 1 - "Guess the number" game"

加上这一次的作业，这门莱斯大学的python课程的所有project都已经完成了。

这次作业中，收获最大的是关于编程风格的问题。

在运算符前后和逗号后面都要添加空格，除非紧邻着括号。类名要使用CamelCase，但方法和函数要使用lower_case_with_underscores。参考链接。

另外，python中的全局变量的用法和局部变量一样。在子函数中要对全局变量赋值，要事先使用global在子函数中声明。如果忘记了，错误很难被发现。

我的答案链接为这里，这个网站暂时只能在域名/save这个链接上保存代码。

答案代码如下：

# template for "Guess the number" mini-project
# input will come from buttons and an input field
# all output for the game will be printed in the console

import random, simplegui, math

# initialize global variables used in your code

canvas_width = 100
canvas_height = 300
control_width = 200
object_width = 100

num_range_low = 0
num_range_high = 100
real_num = 0

remain_guess_times = 0

# helper function to start and restart the game
def new_game():    
    global real_num, remain_guess_times
    real_num = random.randrange(num_range_low, num_range_high)
    remain_guess_times = int(math.ceil(math.log(num_range_high - num_range_low + 1, 2)))
    print ''
    print 'New game start, number range is [', num_range_low, ',', num_range_high, ').'
    print 'You have ', remain_guess_times, ' chances to guess.'


# define event handlers for control panel
def range100():
    # button that changes range to range [0,100) and restarts
    global num_range_low, num_range_high
    num_range_low = 0
    num_range_high = 100
    new_game()


def range1000():
    # button that changes range to range [0,1000) and restarts
    global num_range_low, num_range_high
    num_range_low = 0
    num_range_high = 1000
    new_game()
    

    
def input_guess(guess):
    # main game logic goes here	
    global remain_guess_times
    remain_guess_times -= 1
    guess_num = int(guess)
    
    print 'You guessed: ', guess_num, '. ',
    print 'Your remained ', remain_guess_times, 'guess chances.',
    
    if guess_num == real_num:
        print 'Correct!'
        new_game()
    elif guess_num > real_num:
        print 'Higher'
    else:
        print 'Lower'
    
    if remain_guess_times <= 0:
        print 'You used up guess chances! You lose!'
        new_game()


    
# create frame
frame = simplegui.create_frame('Guess the number', canvas_width, canvas_height,control_width)


# register event handlers for control elements
frame.add_input('Your guess', input_guess,object_width)
frame.add_button('Range: 0 - 100', range100,object_width)
frame.add_button('Range: 0 - 1000', range1000,object_width)


# call new_game and start frame
new_game()
frame.start()


# always remember to check your completed program against the grading rubric

作业要求：

A reminder about the Honor Code

For previous mini-projects, we have had instances of students submitting solutions that have been copied from the web. Remember, if you can find code on the web for one of the mini-projects, we can also find that code. Submitting copied code violates the Honor Code for this class as well as Coursera's Terms of Service. Please write your own code and refrain from copying. If, during peer evaluation, you suspect a submitted mini-project includes copied code, please evaluate as usual and email the assignment details to iipphonorcode@online.rice.edu. We will investigate and handle as appropriate.
Mini-project description — “Guess the number” game

One of the simplest two-player games is “Guess the number”. The first player thinks of a secret number in some known range while the second player attempts to guess the number. After each guess, the first player answers either “Higher”, “Lower” or “Correct!” depending on whether the secret number is higher, lower or equal to the guess. In this project, you will build a simple interactive program in Python where the computer will take the role of the first player while you play as the second player.

You will interact with your program using an input field and several buttons. For this project, we will ignore the canvas and print the computer's responses in the console. Building an initial version of your project that prints information in the console is a development strategy that you should use in later projects as well. Focusing on getting the logic of the program correct before trying to make it display the information in some “nice” way on the canvas usually saves lots of time since debugging logic errors in graphical output can be tricky.

Mini-project development process

We have provided a basic template for this mini-project here . Our suggested development strategy for the basic version of “Guess the number” is:

Decide on a set of global variables that contain the state of the game. For example, one obvious choice is the secret number that has been generated by the program. You will need other global variables, especially to accommodate later extensions to the basic game.

Figure out how to generate a random secret number in a given range, low to high. When discussing ranges, we will follow the standard Python convention of including the low end of the range and excluding the high end of the range, which can be expressed mathematically as [low, high). So, [0, 3) means all of the numbers starting at 0 up to, but not including 3. In other words 0, 1, and 2. We suggest using the range [0, 100) in your first implementation. Hint: look at the functions in the random module to figure out how to easily select such a random number. We suggest testing this in a separate CodeSkulptor tab before adding code to your project.

Figure out how to create an input text box using the simplegui module. You will use this input to get the guess from the user. For all variants of the game, this input field should always be active (in other words, a game should always be in progress). Again, test in a separate CodeSkulptor tab before adding code to your project. Again, we suggest testing separate CodeSkulptor tab before adding code to your project.

Write the event handler input_guess(guess) that takes the input guess, compares it to the secret number and prints out the appropriate response. Remember that guess is a string so you will need to convert it into a number before testing it against the secret number. Hint: We have showed you how to convert strings to numbers in the lectures.

Test your code by playing multiple games of “Guess the number” with a fixed range. At this point, you will need to re-run your program between each game (using the CodeSkulptor “Run” button).

Fill in your new_game() function so the generation of the secret number is now done inside this function. That is, calling new_game() should compute a random secret number and assign it to a global variable. You can now call the function new_game() in the body of your code right before you start your frame.
From this minimal working version of “Guess the number”, the rest of this project consists of adding extra functionality to your project. There are two improvements that you will need to make to get full credit:

Using function(s) in the simplegui module, add buttons to restart the game so that you don't need to repeatedly click “Run” in CodeSkulptor to play multiple games. You should add two buttons: “Range: 0 - 100” and “Range: 0 - 1000” that allow the player to choose different ranges for the secret number. Using either of these buttons should restart the game and print out an appropriate message. They should work at any time during the game. In our implementation, the event handler for each button set the desired range for the secret number (as a global variable) and then called new_game to reset the secret number in the desired range.

As you play “Guess the number”, you might notice that a good strategy is to maintain an interval that consists of the highest guess that is “Lower” than the secret number and the lowest guess that is “Higher” than the secret number. A good choice for the next guess is the number that is the average of these two numbers. The answer for this new guess then allows you to figure a new interval that contains the secret number and that is half as large. For example, if the secret number is in the range [0, 100), it is a good idea to guess 50. If the answer is "Higher", the secret number must be in the range [51, 100). It is then a good idea to guess 75 and so on. This technique of successively narrowing the range corresponds to a well-known computer algorithm known as binary search.

Your final addition to “Guess the number” will be to restrict the player to a limited number of guesses. After each guess, your program should include in its output the number of remaining guesses. Once the player has used up those guesses, they lose, the game prints out an appropriate message, and a new game immediately starts.

Since the strategy above for playing “Guess the number” approximately halves the range of possible secret numbers after each guess, any secret number in the range [low, high) can always be found in at most n guesses where n is the smallest integer such that 2 ** n >= high - low + 1. For the range [0, 100), n is seven. For the range [0, 1000), n is ten. In our implementation, the function new_game() set the number of allowed guess to seven when the range is [0, 100) or to ten when the range is [0, 1000). For more of a challenge, you may compute n from low and high using the functions math.log and math.ceil in the math module.

When your program starts, the game should immediately begin in range [0, 100). When the game ends (because the player either wins or runs out of guesses), a new game with the same range as the last one should immediately begin by calling new_game(). Whenever the player clicks one of the range buttons, the current game should stop and a new game with the selected range should begin.

Grading rubric — 11 pts total (scaled to 100 pts)

Your peers will assess your mini-project according to the rubric given below. To guide you in determining whether your project satisfies each item in the rubric, please consult the video that demonstrates our implementation of “Guess the number”. Small deviations from the textual output of our implementation are fine. You should avoid potentially confusing deviations (such as printing “Too high” or “Too low” instead of “Lower” and “Higher”). Whether moderate deviations satisfy an item of the grading rubric is at your peers' discretion during their assessment.

Here is a break down of the scoring:

1 pt — The game starts immediately when the “Run” button in CodeSkulptor is pressed.

1 pt — A game is always in progress. Finishing one game immediately starts another in the same range.

1 pt — The game reads guess from the input field and correctly prints it out.

3 pts — The game correctly plays “Guess the number” with the range [0, 100) and prints understandable output messages to the console. Play three complete games: 1 pt for each correct game.

2 pts — The game includes two buttons that allow the user to select the range [0, 100) or the range [0, 1000) for the secret number. These buttons correctly change the range and print an appropriate message. (1 pt per button.)

2 pts — The game restricts the player to a finite number of guesses and correctly terminates the game when these guesses are exhausted. Award 1 pt if the number of remaining guesses is printed, but the game does not terminate correctly.

1 pt — The game varies the number of allowed guesses based on the range of the secret number — seven guesses for range [0, 100), ten guesses for range [0, 1000).

To help aid you in gauging what a full credit project might look like, the video lecture on the “Guess the number” project includes a demonstration of our implementation of this project. You do not need to validate that the input number is in the correct range. (For this game, that responsibility should fall on the player.)