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3D游戏 作业4

• 基本操作演练
• 编程实践
• • • 牧师与魔鬼 动作分离版
    • • SSDirector
      • Interface
      • FirstSceneActionManager
      • Main
      • Judge
      • InteractGUI
      • CoastController
      • BoatController
      • Character
• 材料与渲染联系（可选）
• • • Standard Shader 自然场景渲染器
    • 声音

自学资源：

结构类型
枚举类型
const关键字

基本操作演练

下载 Fantasy Skybox FREE， 构建自己的游戏场景；写一个简单的总结，总结游戏对象的使用。

天空是任何游戏都离不开的设定，因其要按照季节与时间产生变化，是表示时间的重要工具，而天空盒是一种材料。从 Unity5 开始官方便不再提供天空资源，我们需要使用 skybox 搜索，从 Asset Store 中获取天空，如：Skybox，Fantasy Skybox FREE 等。

首先，打开项目，在 Asset Store 中搜索到 Fantasy Skybox FREE，下载并导入 Assats 中。如下：

如图所示，Assets文件夹中有很多的纹理、素材、预设，方便我们进行使用和设计。

建立天空盒，创建一个Material，并将Shader的值改为Skybox/6 Sided，再把天空盒每个面的贴图都贴上去，就弄好了一个天空盒了。

然后构建地形，我直接使用其中 demo 场景中自带的 Terrain 进行操作：

该地形中的功能大概有：

我下载导入的这个 Fantasy Skybox FREE 并没有树的 Assets，因此我试着创建一些草丛的游戏对象。

Fantasy Skybox FREE 中有很多草丛（灌木）的 Assets ，我们可以创建对象并使用他们；也可以在地形中使用 Paint Details 来创建草丛，选定各个参数后就可以自由选择添加它们的位置。

在左下角增添了一片圆形的花丛：

也可以通过 Edit Details 等来改变草丛和添加草丛的方式：

其中 Brush Size 是添加区域的大小，Opacity 是添加区域内草丛的疏密，Target Strength 是草的大小（长度）。

经过一些调整，我们得到了一片样子不同的草丛：

像这样，我们可以在 Asset Store 中下载资源或自己创造，再通过这些工具创造出各种各样的游戏场景。

编程实践

牧师与魔鬼 动作分离版

设计一个裁判类，当游戏达到结束条件时，通知场景控制器游戏结束。

游戏要求和玩家动作表（规则表）都与上次作业的基本相同。

和上次作业不同的是，这次的牧师与魔鬼要做到动作分离，因此我们需要把所有游戏对象的动作都抽取出来，通过动作管理器进行统一安排。

在上次作业中，每个游戏对象有自己单独的控制器，使各个动作的脚本是挂载在各自的游戏对象身上执行的，看上去井井有条但不利于管理；而使用动作分离器，就是将这些动作都安排在一个总的控制管理器中，从而统一安排动作的执行。

SSDirector

导演类，使用单例模式保证其实例仅有一个，负责在场景初始化时控制对应场景的场记。

public class SSDirector : System.Object
{private static SSDirector _instance;public ISceneController currentScenceController { get; set; }public bool running { get; set; }public static SSDirector getInstance(){if (_instance == null){_instance = new SSDirector();}return _instance;}public int getFPS(){return Application.targetFrameRate;}public void setFPS(int fps){Application.targetFrameRate = fps;}
}

Interface

接口命名空间，提供场景控制、玩家动作控制的接口，只给用户界面提供API，降低耦合性，体现了良好的封装。

namespace Interfaces
{public interface ISceneController{void LoadResources();}public interface UserAction{void MoveBoat();void ObjectIsClicked(Character characterCtrl);void Restart();}public enum SSActionEventType : int { Started, Completed }public interface SSActionCallback{void SSActionCallback(SSAction source);}
}

FirstSceneActionManager

动作控制器，管理船和游戏角色的移动，体现了动作分离的思想，脚本不需要挂载到对象身上运行，这是与上次作业不同的地方。

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using UnityEngine;
using Interfaces;
public class FirstSceneActionManager : SSActionManager, SSActionCallback
{public SSActionEventType Complete = SSActionEventType.Completed;public void BoatMove(BoatController Boat){Complete = SSActionEventType.Started;CCMoveToAction action = CCMoveToAction.getAction(Boat.GetDestination(), Boat.GetMoveSpeed());addAction(Boat.GetGameObject(), action, this);Boat.ChangeState();}public void CharacterMove(Character GameObject, Vector3 Destination){Complete = SSActionEventType.Started;Vector3 CurrentPos = GameObject.GetPosition();Vector3 MiddlePos = CurrentPos;if (Destination.y > CurrentPos.y){MiddlePos.y = Destination.y;}else{MiddlePos.x = Destination.x;}SSAction action1 = CCMoveToAction.getAction(MiddlePos, GameObject.GetMoveSpeed());SSAction action2 = CCMoveToAction.getAction(Destination, GameObject.GetMoveSpeed());SSAction seqAction = CCSequenceAction.getAction(1, 0, new List<SSAction> { action1, action2 });this.addAction(GameObject.GetGameobject(), seqAction, this);}public void SSActionCallback(SSAction source){Complete = SSActionEventType.Completed;}
}

Main

主类，负责实例化接口 ISceneController 和 UserAction，实现加载资源和响应用户操作；
当裁判类返回一个游戏结束的信息，则场记通知玩家交互类 InteractGUI 显示结束信息。

public class FirstController : MonoBehaviour, ISceneController, UserAction
{public InteractGUI UserGUI;public CoastController fromCoast;public CoastController toCoast;public BoatController boat;public Judge judge;	 				//裁判类private Character[] Character;private FirstSceneActionManager FSAmanager;void Awake(){SSDirector director = SSDirector.getInstance();director.currentScenceController = this;UserGUI = gameObject.AddComponent<InteractGUI>() as InteractGUI;Character = new Character[6];			//6个游戏角色LoadResources();}void Start(){FSAmanager = GetComponent<FirstSceneActionManager>();}public void LoadResources(){fromCoast = new CoastController("from");toCoast = new CoastController("to");boat = new BoatController();judge = new Judge(fromCoast, toCoast, boat);	//初始化裁判类GameObject river = Instantiate(Resources.Load("Prefabs/river", typeof(GameObject)), new Vector3(0, -7, 10), Quaternion.identity, null) as GameObject;river.name = "river";//加载牧师for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++){Character p = new Character("priest");p.setName("priest" + i);p.setPosition(fromCoast.getEmptyPosition());p.getOnCoast(fromCoast);fromCoast.getOnCoast(p);Character[i] = p;}//加载魔鬼for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++){Character d = new Character("devil");d.setName("devil" + i);d.setPosition(fromCoast.getEmptyPosition());d.getOnCoast(fromCoast);fromCoast.getOnCoast(d);Character[i + 3] = d;}}	//鼠标点击事件public void ObjectIsClicked(Character Objects){if (FSAmanager.Complete == SSActionEventType.Started) return;if (Objects.isOnBoat()){CoastController whichCoast;if (boat.get_State() == -1){ whichCoast = toCoast;}else{whichCoast = fromCoast;}//下船动作boat.GetOffBoat(Objects.getName());FSAmanager.CharacterMove(Objects, whichCoast.getEmptyPosition());//上岸动作Objects.getOnCoast(whichCoast);whichCoast.getOnCoast(Objects);}else{CoastController whichCoast = Objects.getCoastController(); if (boat.getEmptyIndex() == -1){return;}if (whichCoast.get_State() != boat.get_State())  return;             //上船动作whichCoast.getOffCoast(Objects.getName());FSAmanager.CharacterMove(Objects, boat.getEmptyPosition());Objects.getOnBoat(boat);boat.GetOnBoat(Objects);}//通知controller游戏结束，显示win或loseUserGUI.SetState = judge.Check();}//船移动的动作public void MoveBoat(){if (FSAmanager.Complete == SSActionEventType.Started || boat.isEmpty()) return;FSAmanager.BoatMove(boat);       UserGUI.SetState = judge.Check();		//新增的裁判类}//游戏结束，玩家重新开始的动作public void Restart(){fromCoast.reset();toCoast.reset();foreach (Character gameobject in Character){gameobject.reset();}boat.reset();}
}

Judge

裁判类，通过计数来判断游戏是否结束。

public class Judge : MonoBehaviour
{CoastController fromCoast;CoastController toCoast;public BoatController boat;public Judge(CoastController c1,CoastController c2, BoatController b){fromCoast = c1;toCoast = c2;boat = b;}public int Check(){   // 0->not finish, 1->lose, 2->winint from_priest = 0;int from_devil = 0;int to_priest = 0;int to_devil = 0;int[] fromCount = fromCoast.GetobjectsNumber();from_priest += fromCount[0];from_devil += fromCount[1];int[] toCount = toCoast.GetobjectsNumber();to_priest += toCount[0];to_devil += toCount[1];if (to_priest + to_devil == 6)      // winreturn 2;int[] boatCount = boat.GetobjectsNumber();if (boat.get_State() == -1){   // boat at toCoastto_priest += boatCount[0];to_devil += boatCount[1];}else{   // boat at fromCoastfrom_priest += boatCount[0];from_devil += boatCount[1];}if (from_priest < from_devil && from_priest > 0){       // losereturn 1;}if (to_priest < to_devil && to_priest > 0){return 1;}return 0;           // not finish}
}

InteractGUI

UI交互界面设定，实现用户的点击事件，并在游戏结束后显示结果。

public class InteractGUI : MonoBehaviour
{UserAction UserAcotionController;public int SetState { get { return GameState; } set { GameState = value; } }static int GameState = 0;void Start(){UserAcotionController = SSDirector.getInstance().currentScenceController as UserAction;}private void OnGUI(){if (GameState == 1){GUI.Button(new Rect(Screen.width / 2 - 50, Screen.height / 2-50, 100, 50), "Gameover!");if (GUI.Button(new Rect(Screen.width / 2 - 70, Screen.height / 2, 140, 70), "Restart")){GameState = 0;UserAcotionController.Restart();}}else if (GameState == 2){GUI.Button(new Rect(Screen.width / 2 - 50, Screen.height / 2-50, 100, 50), "You Win!");if (GUI.Button(new Rect(Screen.width / 2 - 70, Screen.height / 2, 140, 70), "Restart")){GameState = 0;UserAcotionController.Restart();}}}
}
public class ClickGUI : MonoBehaviour
{UserAction UserAcotionController;Character GameObjectsInScene;public void setController(Character characterCtrl){GameObjectsInScene = characterCtrl;}void Start(){UserAcotionController = SSDirector.getInstance().currentScenceController as UserAction;}void OnMouseDown(){if (gameObject.name == "boat"){UserAcotionController.MoveBoat();}else{UserAcotionController.ObjectIsClicked(GameObjectsInScene);}}
}

CoastController

河岸控制器，返回河岸上空余的位置以便游戏角色落脚。

public class CoastController
{readonly GameObject coast;readonly Vector3 from_pos = new Vector3(-16, -6, 10);readonly Vector3 to_pos = new Vector3(16, -6, 10);readonly Vector3[] positions;readonly int State;    // to->-1, from->1Character[] passengerPlaner;public CoastController(string _State){positions = new Vector3[] {new Vector3(-21,-2.5F,10), new Vector3(-19,-2.5F,10), new Vector3(-17,-2.5F,10),new Vector3(-15,-2.5F,10), new Vector3(-13,-2.5F,10), new Vector3(-11,-2.5F,10)};passengerPlaner = new Character[6];if (_State == "from"){coast = Object.Instantiate(Resources.Load("Prefabs/land1", typeof(GameObject)), from_pos, Quaternion.identity, null) as GameObject;coast.name = "from";State = 1;}else{coast = Object.Instantiate(Resources.Load("Prefabs/land2", typeof(GameObject)), to_pos, Quaternion.identity, null) as GameObject;coast.name = "to";State = -1;}}public int getEmptyIndex(){for (int i = 0; i < passengerPlaner.Length; i++){if (passengerPlaner[i] == null){return i;}}return -1;}public Vector3 getEmptyPosition(){Vector3 pos = positions[getEmptyIndex()];pos.x *= State;return pos;}public void getOnCoast(Character ObjectControl){int index = getEmptyIndex();passengerPlaner[index] = ObjectControl;}public Character getOffCoast(string passenger_name){   // 0->priest, 1->devilfor (int i = 0; i < passengerPlaner.Length; i++){if (passengerPlaner[i] != null && passengerPlaner[i].getName() == passenger_name){Character charactorCtrl = passengerPlaner[i];passengerPlaner[i] = null;return charactorCtrl;}}return null;}public int get_State(){return State;}public int[] GetobjectsNumber(){int[] count = { 0, 0 };for (int i = 0; i < passengerPlaner.Length; i++){if (passengerPlaner[i] == null)continue;if (passengerPlaner[i].getType() == 0){   // 0->priest, 1->devilcount[0]++;}else{count[1]++;}}return count;}public void reset(){passengerPlaner = new Character[6];}
}

BoatController

船的控制类，提供船上的空余位置，并协助实现角色上下船。

public class BoatController
{readonly GameObject boat;readonly Vector3 fromPosition = new Vector3(-8, -5, 10);readonly Vector3 toPosition = new Vector3(8, -5, 10);readonly Vector3[] from_positions;readonly Vector3[] to_positions;int State; // to->-1; from->1Character[] passenger = new Character[2];int Speed = 15;int MovingState = -1; // Move = 1;Not Move = -1;public BoatController(){State = 1;MovingState = -1;from_positions = new Vector3[] { new Vector3(-9, -3.5F, 10), new Vector3(-7, -3.5F, 10) };to_positions = new Vector3[] { new Vector3(7, -3.5F, 10), new Vector3(9, -3.5F, 10) };boat = Object.Instantiate(Resources.Load("Prefabs/boat", typeof(GameObject)), fromPosition, Quaternion.identity, null) as GameObject;boat.name = "boat";boat.AddComponent(typeof(ClickGUI));}public int getEmptyIndex(){for (int i = 0; i < passenger.Length; i++){if (passenger[i] == null){return i;}}return -1;}public bool isEmpty(){for (int i = 0; i < passenger.Length; i++){if (passenger[i] != null){return false;}}return true;}public Vector3 getEmptyPosition(){Vector3 pos;int emptyIndex = getEmptyIndex();if (State == -1){pos = to_positions[emptyIndex];}else{pos = from_positions[emptyIndex];}return pos;}public void GetOnBoat(Character ObjectControl){int index = getEmptyIndex();passenger[index] = ObjectControl;}public Character GetOffBoat(string passenger_name){for (int i = 0; i < passenger.Length; i++){if (passenger[i] != null && passenger[i].getName() == passenger_name){Character charactorCtrl = passenger[i];passenger[i] = null;return charactorCtrl;}}return null;}public GameObject GetGameObject(){return boat;}public void ChangeState(){State = -State;}public int get_State(){ // to->-1; from->1return State;}public int[] GetobjectsNumber(){int[] count = { 0, 0 };// [0]->priest, [1]->devilfor (int i = 0; i < passenger.Length; i++){if (passenger[i] == null)continue;if (passenger[i].getType() == 0){count[0]++;}else{count[1]++;}}return count;}public Vector3 GetDestination(){if (State == 1) return toPosition;else return fromPosition;}public int GetMoveSpeed(){return Speed;}public void reset(){State = 1;boat.transform.position = fromPosition;passenger = new Character[2];MovingState = -1;}public int GetMovingState(){return MovingState;}public void ChangeMovingstate(){MovingState = -MovingState;}
}

Character

游戏角色的控制（下岸、上船、下船、上岸），记录位置信息（是否在岸上，是在左岸还是右岸）和移动信息（是否处于移动状态，是则无法响应点击事件）。

public class Character
{CoastController coastController;readonly GameObject Instance;readonly ClickGUI clickGUI;readonly int characterType; // 0->priest, 1->devilint MovingState = -1; // Move = 1;Not Move = -1;bool _isOnBoat = false;public Character(string Type){MovingState = -1;if (Type == "priest"){Instance = Object.Instantiate(Resources.Load("Prefabs/priests", typeof(GameObject)), Vector3.zero, Quaternion.identity, null) as GameObject;characterType = 0;}else{Instance = Object.Instantiate(Resources.Load("Prefabs/devils", typeof(GameObject)), Vector3.zero, Quaternion.identity, null) as GameObject;characterType = 1;}clickGUI = Instance.AddComponent(typeof(ClickGUI)) as ClickGUI;clickGUI.setController(this);}public void setName(string name){Instance.name = name;}public void setPosition(Vector3 pos){Instance.transform.position = pos;}public int getType(){   // 0->priest, 1->devilreturn characterType;}public string getName(){return Instance.name;}public void getOnBoat(BoatController boatCtrl){coastController = null;Instance.transform.parent = boatCtrl.GetGameObject().transform;_isOnBoat = true;}public void getOnCoast(CoastController coastCtrl){coastController = coastCtrl;Instance.transform.parent = null;_isOnBoat = false;}public bool isOnBoat(){return _isOnBoat;}public CoastController getCoastController(){return coastController;}public Vector3 GetPosition(){return Instance.transform.position;}public int GetMoveSpeed(){return 20;}public GameObject GetGameobject(){return Instance;}public void reset(){coastController = (SSDirector.getInstance().currentScenceController as FirstController).fromCoast;getOnCoast(coastController);setPosition(coastController.getEmptyPosition());coastController.getOnCoast(this);MovingState = -1;}public int GetMovingState(){return MovingState;}public void ChangeMovingstate(){MovingState = -MovingState;}
}

材料与渲染联系（可选）

Standard Shader 自然场景渲染器

阅读官方 Standard Shader 手册；
选择合适内容，如 Albedo Color and Transparency，寻找合适素材，用博客展示相关效果的呈现。

使用 Standard Shader 作为自然场景的渲染是一种物理渲染方式。

在一般的光照计算中，基本上是基于模拟的模型，即是尽可能的模拟我们看上去的物体反射的颜色，而基于物理的光照计算则是依据了光线传播的物理特性，使用一些近似计算，让材质更加贴近于真实情况，所以物理渲染在表现自然界的物体时会看上去更加真实。

这种渲染可以节能，保证物体反射的光线不会超过它们接受的光线；且材质的镜面反射越强，漫反射就越少，曲面越平滑，高光就会越强、越小；另外还具有高动态范围（HDR），即颜色不再局限于0-1的范围内了。

声音

阅读官方 Audio 手册；
用博客给出游戏中利用 Reverb Zones 呈现车辆穿过隧道的声效的案例。

Unity的音频特征包括全三维空间声音、实时混合和掌握、混合器的层次、快照、预定义效果等等。Reverb Zones即是混响区域，其中包括三个基本属性：

• 最小距离：表示gizmo中内圈的半径，决定渐变混响和完全混响的区域；
• 最大距离：表示gizmo中外圈的半径，决定没有效果和混响逐渐开始应用了的区域；
• 混响预设：确定混响区域使用的混响效果。

在混响区中，声音的工作原理：

要呈现车辆穿过隧道的声效，可以在 Component -> Audio -> Audio Reverb Zones 中给一个物体添加混响区域，并将混响的属性调成Cave模式；

然后导入音频文件，并创建一个Audio Source，将音频文件和其进行挂载，就可以在原有声音的基础上模拟出车穿过隧道的效果了。