职责"/>
iOS 开发 – 均衡代码职责
前言
文章的标题有点绕口，不过想了半天，想不到更好的标题了。本文的诞生有一部分功劳要归于iOS应用现状分析，标题也是来源于原文中的“能把代码职责均衡的划分到不同的功能类里”。如果你看过我的文章，就会发现我是一个MVC主导开发的人。这是因为开发的项目总是算不上大项目，在合理的代码职责分工后项目能保持良好的状态，就没有使用到其他架构开发过项目（如果你的状态跟笔者差不多，就算不适用其他架构模式，你也应该自己学习）
OK，简短来说，在很早之前我就有写这么一篇文章的想法，大致是在当初面试很多iOS开发者的时候这样的对话萌生的念头，下面的对话是经过笔者总结的，切勿对号入座：
Q: 你在项目中使用了MVVM的架构结构，能说说为什么采用的是这种结构吗？
A: 这是因为我们的项目在开发中控制器的代码越来越多，超过了一千行，然后觉得这样控制器的职责太多，就采用一个个ViewModel把这些职责分离出来
Q: 能说说你们控制器的职责吗？或者有源码可以参考一下吗？
面试者拿出电脑展示源码
最后的结果就是，笔者不认为面试者需要使用到MVVM来改进他们的架构，这里当然是见仁见智了。由于对方代码职责的不合理分工导致了View和Model层几乎没有业务逻辑，从而导致了控制器的失衡，变得笨重。在这种情况下即便他使用了ViewModel将控制器的代码分离了出来，充其量只是将垃圾挪到另一个地方罢了。我在MVC架构杂谈中提到过自身对MVC三个模块的职责认识，当你想将MVC改进成MVX的其他结构时，应当先思考自己的代码职责是不是已经均衡了。
码农小明的项目
在开始之前，还是强烈推荐推荐《重构-改善既有代码的设计》这本书，一本好书或者好文章应该让你每次观赏时都能产生不同的感觉。
正常来说，造成你代码笨重的最大凶手是重复的代码，例如曾经笔者看过这样一张界面图以及逻辑代码：
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | @interface XXXViewController @property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton * rule1; @property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton * rule2; @property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton * rule3; @property (weak, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIButton * rule4; @end @implementation XXXViewController - (IBAction)actionToClickRule1: (id)sender { [_rule1 setSelected: YES]; [_rule2 setSelected: NO]; [_rule3 setSelected: NO]; [_rule4 setSelected: NO]; } - (IBAction)actionToClickRule2: (id)sender { [_rule1 setSelected: NO]; [_rule2 setSelected: YES]; [_rule3 setSelected: NO]; [_rule4 setSelected: NO]; } - (IBAction)actionToClickRule1: (id)sender { [_rule1 setSelected: NO]; [_rule2 setSelected: NO]; [_rule3 setSelected: YES]; [_rule4 setSelected: NO]; } - (IBAction)actionToClickRule1: (id)sender { [_rule1 setSelected: NO]; [_rule2 setSelected: NO]; [_rule3 setSelected: NO]; [_rule4 setSelected: YES]; } @end |
别急着嘲笑这样的代码，曾经的我们也写过类似的代码。这就是最直接粗浅的重复代码，所有的重复代码都和上面存在一样的毛病：亢长、无意义、占用了大量的空间。实际上，这些重复的代码总是分散在多个类当中，积少成多让我们的代码变得笨重。因此，在讨论你的项目是否需要改进架构之前，先弄清楚你是否需要消除这些垃圾。
举个例子，小明开发的一款面向B端的应用中允许商户添加优惠活动，包括开始日期和结束日期：
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | @interface Promotion: NSObject + (instancetype)currentPromotion; @property (readonly, nonatomic) CGFloat discount; @property (readonly, nonatomic) NSDate * start; @property (readonly, nonatomic) NSDate * end; @end |
由于商户同一时间只会存在一个优惠活动，小明把活动写成了单例，然后其他模块通过获取活动单例来计算折后价格：
| 1 2 3 4 5 | // module A Promotion * promotion = [Promotion currentPromotion]; NSDate * now = [NSDate date]; CGFloat discountAmount = _order.amount; if ([now timeIntervalSinceDate: promotion.start] > 0 && [now timeIntervalSinceDate: promotion.end] 0 && [now timeIntervalSinceDate: promotion.end] |
小明在开发完成后优化代码时发现了多个模块存在这样的重复代码，于是他写了一个NSDate的扩展来简化了这段代码，顺便还添加了一个安全监测：
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 | @implementation NSDate (convenience) - (BOOL)betweenFront: (NSDate *)front andBehind: (NSDate *)behind { if (!front || !behind) { return NO; } return ([self timeIntervalSinceDate: front] > 0 && [self timeIntervalSinceDate: behind] < 0); } @end // module A Promotion * promotion = [Promotion currentPromotion]; NSDate * now = [NSDate date]; CGFloat discountAmount = _order.amount; if ([now betweenFront: promotion.start andBehind: promotion.end]) { discountAmount *= promotion.discount; } // module B Promotion * promotion = [Promotion currentPromotion]; NSDate * now = [NSDate date]; if ([now betweenFront: promotion.start andBehind: promotion.end]) { [_cycleDisplayView display: @"全场限时%g折", promotion.discount*10]; } |
过了一段时间，产品找到小明说：小明啊，商户反映说只有一个优惠活动是不够的，他们需要存在多个不同的活动。小明一想，那么就取消Promotion的单例属性，增加一个管理单例：
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 | @interface PromotionManager: NSObject @property (readonly, nonatomic) NSArray * promotions + (instancetype)sharedManager; - (void)requestPromotionsWithComplete: (void(^)(PromotionManager * manager))complete; @end // module A - (void)viewDidLoad { PromotionManager * manager = [PromotionManager sharedManager]; if (manager.promotions) { [manager requestPromotionsWithComplete: ^(PromotionManager * manager) { _promotions = manager.promotions; [self calculateOrder]; } } else { _promotions = manager.promotions; [self calculateOrder]; } } - (void)calculateOrder { CGFloat orderAmount = _order.amount; for (Promotion * promotion in _promotions) { if ([[NSDate date] betweenFront: promotion.start andBehind: promotion.end]) { orderAmount *= promotion.discount; } } } |
随着日子一天天过去，产品提出的需求也越来越多。有一天，产品说应该让商户可以自由开关优惠活动，于是Promotion多了一个isActived是否激活的属性。其他模块的判断除了判断时间还多了判断是否启动了活动。再后来，还添加了一个synchronize属性判断是否可以与其他活动同时计算判断。最近产品告诉小明活动现在不仅局限于折扣，还新增了固定优惠，以及满额优惠，于是代码变成了下面这样:
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 | @interface Promotion: NSObject @property (assign, nonatomic) BOOL isActived; @property (assign, nonatomic) BOOL synchronize; @property (assign, nonatomic) CGFloat discount; @property (assign, nonatomic) CGFloat discountCondition; @property (assign, nonatomic) DiscountType discountType; @property (assign, nonatomic) PromotionType promotionType; @property (readonly, nonatomic) NSDate * start; @property (readonly, nonatomic) NSDate * end; @end // module A - (void)viewDidLoad { PromotionManager * manager = [PromotionManager sharedManager]; if (manager.promotions) { [manager requestPromotionsWithComplete: ^(PromotionManager * manager) { _promotions = manager.promotions; [self calculateOrder]; } } else { _promotions = manager.promotions; [self calculateOrder]; } } - (void)calculateOrder { CGFloat orderAmount = _order.amount; NSMutableArray * fullPromotions = @[].mutableCopy; NSMutableArray * discountPromotions = @[].mutableCopy; for (Promotion p in _promotions) { if (p.isActived && [[NSDate date] betweenFront: p.start andBehind: p.end]) { if (p.promotionType == PromotionTypeFullPromotion) { [fullPromotions addObject: p]; } else if (p.promotionType == PromotionTypeDiscount) { [discountPromotions addObject: p]; } } } Promotion * syncPromotion = nil; Promotion * singlePromotion = nil; for (Promotion * p in fullPromotions) { if (p.synchronize) { if (p.discountCondition != 0) { if (p.discountCondition > syncPromotion.discountCondition) { syncPromotion = p; } } else { if (p.discount > syncPromotion.discount) { syncPromotion = p; } } } else { if (p.discountCondition != 0) { if (p.discountCondition > singlePromotion.discountCondition) { singlePromotion = p; } } else { if (p.discount > singlePromotion.discount) { singlePromotion = p; } } } } // find discount promotions ...... } |
这时候模块获取优惠活动信息的代价已经变得十分的昂贵，一堆亢长的代码，重复度高。这时候小明的同事对他说，我们改进一下架构吧，通过ViewModel把这部分的代码从控制器分离出去。其实这时候ViewModel的做法跟上面小明直接扩展NSDate的目的是一样的，在这个时候View和Model几乎无作为，基本所有逻辑都在控制器中不断地撑胖它。小明认真思考，完完全全将代码阅览后，告诉同事现在最大的原因在于代码职责混乱，并不能很好的分离到VC的模块中，解决的方式应该是从逻辑分工下手。
首先，小明发现Promotion本身除了存储活动信息，没有进行任何的逻辑操作。而控制器中判断活动是否有效以及折扣金额计算的业务理可以由Promotion来完成：
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 | @interface Promotion: NSObject - (BOOL)isEffective; - (BOOL)isWorking; - (CGFloat)discountAmount: (CGFloat)amount; @end @implementation Promotion - (BOOL)isEffective { return [[NSDate date] betweenFront: _start andBehind: _end]; } - (BOOL)isWorking { return ( [self isEffective] && _isActived ); } - (CGFloat)discountAmount: (CGFloat)amount { if ([self isWorking]) { if (_promotionType == PromotionTypeDiscount) { return [self calculateDiscount: amount]; } else { if (amount < _discountCondition) { return amount; } return [self calculateDiscount: amount]; } } return amount; } #pragma mark - Private - (CGFloat)calculateDiscount: (CGFloat)amount { if (_discountType == DiscountTypeCoupon) { return amount - _discount; } else { return amount * _discount; } } @end |
除此之外，小明发现先前封装的活动管理类PromotionManager本身涉及了网络请求和数据管理两个业务，因此需要将其中一个业务分离出来。于是网络请求封装成PromotionRequest，另一方面原有的数据管理只有获取数据的功能，因此增加增删改以及对活动进行初步筛选的功能：
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 | #pragma mark - PromotionManager.h @class PromotionManager; typeof void(^PromotionRequestComplete)(PromotionManager * manager); @interface PromotionRequest: NSObject + (void)requestPromotionsWithComplete: (PromotionRequestComplete)complete; + (void)insertPromotion: (Promotion *)promotion withComplete: (PromotionRequestComplete)complete; + (void)updatePromotion: (Promotion *)promotion withComplete: (PromotionRequestComplete)complete; + (void)deletePromotion: (Promotion *)promotion withComplete: (PromotionRequestComplete)complete; @end @interface PromotionManager: NSObject + (instancetype)sharedManager; - (NSArray *)workingPromotions; - (NSArray *)effectivePromotions; - (NSArray *)fullPromotions; - (NSArray *)discountPromotions; - (void)insertPromotion: (Promotion *)promotion; - (void)updatePromotion: (Promotion *)promotion; - (void)deletePromotion: (Promotion *)promotion; @end #pragma mark - PromotionManager.m @interface PromotionManager () @property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray * promotions; @end @implementation PromotionManager + (instancetype)sharedManager { ... } - (NSArray *)fullPromotions { return [self filterPromotionsWithType: PromotionTypeFullPromote]; } - (NSArray *)discountPromotions { return [self filterPromotionsWithType: PromotionDiscountPromote]; } - (NSArray *)workingPromotions { return _promotions.filter(^BOOL(Promotion * p) { return (p.isWorking); }); } - (NSArray *)effectivePromotions { return _promotions.filter(^BOOL(Promotion * p) { return (p.isEffective); }); } - (NSArray *)filterPromotionsWithType: (PromotionType)type { return [self workingPromotions].filter(^BOOL(Promotion * p) { return (p.promotionType == type); }); } - (void)insertPromotion: (Promotion *)promotion { if ([_promotions containsObject: promotion]) { [PromotionRequest updatePromotion: promotion withComplete: nil]; } else { [PromotionRequest insertPromotion: promotion withComplete: nil]; } } - (void)updatePromotion: (Promotion *)promotion { if ([_promotions containsObject: promotion]) { [PromotionRequest updatePromotion: promotion withComplete: nil]; } } - (void)deletePromotion: (Promotion *)promotion { if ([_promotions containsObject: promotion]) { [PromotionRequest deletePromotion: promotion withComplete: nil]; } } - (void)obtainPromotionsFromJSON: (id)JSON { ... } @end |
最后，小明发现其他模块在寻找最优惠活动的逻辑代码非常的多，另外由于存在满额优惠和普通优惠两种活动，进一步加大了代码量。因此小明新建了一个计算类PromotionCalculator用来完成查找最优活动和计算最优价格的接口：
| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 | @interface PromotionCalculator: NSObject + (CGFloat)calculateAmount: (CGFloat)amount; + (Promotion *)bestFullPromotion: (CGFloat)amount; + (Promotion *)bestDiscountPromotion: (CGFloat)amount; @end @implementation PromotionCalculator + (CGFloat)calculateAmount: (CGFloat)amount { Promotion * bestFullPromotion = [self bestFullPromotion: amount]; Promotion * bestDiscountPromotion = [self bestDiscountPromotion: amount]; if (bestFullPromotion.synchronize && bestDiscountPromotion.synchronize) { return [bestFullPromotion discountAmount: [bestDiscountPromotion discountAmount: amount]]; } else { return MAX([bestDiscountPromotion discountAmount: amount], [bestFullPromotion discountAmount: amount]); } } + (Promotion *)bestFullPromotion: (CGFloat)amount { PromotionManager * manager = [PromotionManager sharedManager]; return [self bestPromotionInPromotions: [manager fullPromotions] amount: amount]; } + (Promotion *)bestDiscountPromotion: (CGFloat)amount { PromotionManager * manager = [PromotionManager sharedManager]; return [self bestPromotionInPromotions: [manager discountPromotions] amount: amount]; } + (Promotion *)bestPromotionInPromotions: (NSArray *)promotions amount: (CGFloat)amount { CGFloat discount = amount; Promotion * best = nil; for (Promotion * promotion in promotions) { CGFloat tmp = [promotion discountAmount: amount]; if (tmp < discount) { discount = tmp; best = promotion; } } return best; } @end |
当这些代码逻辑被小明分散到各处之后，小明惊讶的发现其他模块在进行计算时剩下几行代码而已：
| 1 2 3 4 5 | - (void)viewDidLoad { [PromotionRequest requestPromotionsWithComplete: ^(PromotionManager * manager) { _discountAmount = [PromotionCalculator calculateAmount: _order.amount]; }]; } |
这时候代码职责的结构图，小明成功的均衡了不同组件之间的代码职责，避免了改变项目原架构带来的风险以及不必要的工作：
尾语
这是第二篇讲MVC的文章，仍然要告诉大家的是MVC确确实实存在着缺陷，这个缺陷会在项目变得很大的时候暴露出来（笔者没有开发过大型项目的弱鸡），如果你的项目结构分层做的足够完善的话，那么该改进更换架构的时候就不要犹豫。但千万要记住，如果仅仅是因为重复了太多的无用代码，又或者是逻辑全部塞到控制器中，那么更换架构无非是将垃圾再次分散罢了。
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