Rust5.2 Generic Types, Traits, and Lifetimes

Generic Types, Traits, and Lifetimes"/>

Rust5.2 Generic Types, Traits, and Lifetimes

Rust学习笔记

Rust编程语言入门教程课程笔记

参考教材: The Rust Programming Language (by Steve Klabnik and Carol Nichols, with contributions from the Rust Community)

Lecture 10: Generic Types, Traits, and Lifetimes

lib.rs

use std::fmt::Display;//Traits: Defining Shared Behavior
pub trait Summary {fn summarize_author(&self) -> String;// fn summarize(&self) -> String;fn summarize(&self) -> String {//String::from("(Read more from...)")format!("(Read more from {}...)", self.summarize_author())}}pub struct NewsArticle {pub headline: String,pub location: String,pub author: String,pub content: String,
}impl Summary for NewsArticle {//implementing a trait on a type// fn summarize(&self) -> String {//implementing a trait method//     format!("{}, by {} ({})", self.headline, self.author, self.location)// }fn summarize_author(&self) -> String {//implementing a trait methodformat!("{}", self.author)}}pub struct Tweet {pub username: String,pub content: String,pub reply: bool,pub retweet: bool,
}impl Summary for Tweet {//implementing a trait on a typefn summarize(&self) -> String {//implementing a trait methodformat!("{}: {}", self.username, self.content)}fn summarize_author(&self) -> String {//implementing a trait methodformat!("{}", self.username)}}pub fn notify(item: &impl Summary) {println!("Breaking news! {}", item.summarize());
}pub fn notify_trait_bound<T: Summary>(item: &T) {//trait bound syntaxprintln!("Breaking news! {}", item.summarize());
}pub fn notify_trait_bounds<T: Summary>(item1: &T, item2: &T) {//trait bound syntaxprintln!("Breaking news! {}", item1.summarize());println!("Breaking news! {}", item2.summarize());
}pub fn notify_multiple_trait_bounds<T: Summary + Display>(item1: &T, item2: &T) {//trait bound syntaxprintln!("Breaking news! {}", item1.summarize());println!("Breaking news! {}", item2.summarize());
}pub fn notify_where_clause<T, U>(item1: &T, item2: &U) where T: Summary + Display,U: Summary + Display
{println!("Breaking news! {}", item1.summarize());println!("Breaking news! {}", item2.summarize());
}//Returning Types that Implement Traits
fn _returns_summarizable() -> impl Summary {//returning a type that implements the Summary trait//cannot return different typesTweet {username: String::from("horse_ebooks"),content: String::from("of course, as you probably already know, people"),reply: false,retweet: false,}
}struct _Pair<T> {x: T,y: T,
}impl <T> _Pair<T> {fn _new(x: T, y: T) -> Self {Self {x,y,}}}impl <T: Display + PartialOrd> _Pair<T> {//trait bound syntaxfn _cmp_display(&self) {if self.x >= self.y {println!("The largest member is x = {}", self.x);} else {println!("The largest member is y = {}", self.y);}}}//blanket implementations
// impl<T: Display> ToString for T {
//     // --snip--
// }

main.rs

use generic_types_traits_and_lifetimes::Summary;
use generic_types_traits_and_lifetimes::Tweet;
use std::fmt::Display;//Generic Data Types
fn largest_generic<T:std::cmp::PartialOrd + Clone>(list: &[T]) -> &T {let mut largest = &list[0];for item in list {if item > largest { //error: the trait `std::cmp::PartialOrd` is not implemented for `T`largest = item;}}largest
}struct Point<T> {x: T,y: T,
}impl Point<i32> {fn selfx(&self) -> &i32 {&self.x}}impl Point<f32> {fn distance_from_origin(&self) -> f32 {(self.x.powi(2) + self.y.powi(2)).sqrt()}
}impl Point<&str>{fn concatenate(&self) -> String {format!("{}{}", self.x, self.y)}
}#[derive(Debug)]
struct Point2<T, U> {x: T,y: U,
}impl<T, U> Point2<T, U> {fn mixup<V, W>(self, other: Point2<V, W>) -> Point2<T, W> {Point2 {x: self.x,y: other.y,}}
}//Lifetime Annotations in Struct Definitions
struct _ImportantExcerpt<'a> {_part: &'a str,
}fn main() {//remove duplication by extracting the match expression into a functionlet number_list = vec![34, 50, 25, 100, 65];// let mut largest = &number_list[0];// for number in &number_list {//     if number > largest {//         largest = number;//     }// }//largest function with generic typelet result1 = largest(&number_list);println!("The largest number is {}", result1);//duplicationlet number_list = vec![102, 34, 6000, 89, 54, 2, 43, 8];// let mut largest = &number_list[0];// for number in &number_list {//     if number > largest {//         largest = number;//     }// }//largest function with generic typelet result2 = largest(&number_list);println!("The largest number is {}", result2);let str_list = vec!["Hello", "Rust", "World"];let result3 = largest_generic(&str_list);println!("The largest string is {}", result3);//Generic Data Types in Struct Definitionslet integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };println!("x,y = {},{}", integer.x, integer.y);let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };println!("x,y = {},{}", float.x, float.y);//Generic Data Types in Enum Definitionslet integer = Option::Some(5);let float = Option::Some(5.0);let none: Option<i32> = None;println!("integer = {:?}, float = {:?}, none = {:?}", integer, float, none);println!("integer = {:?}, float = {:?}, none = {:?}", integer, float, none);//Generic Data Types in Method Definitionslet p1 = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };let p2 = Point { x: "Hello", y: " Rust" };let p3 = Point { x: 5.0, y: 10.0 };println!("p1:{}",p1.selfx());println!("p2:{}",p2.concatenate());println!("p3:{}",p3.distance_from_origin());//Generic Data Types in Struct Definitionslet p4 = Point2 { x: 5, y: 10.4 };let p5: Point2<&str, i32> = Point2 {x:"Hello", y:2};println!("p4:{:?}",p4.mixup(p5));//Traits: Defining Shared Behaviorlet tweet = Tweet {username: String::from("horse_ebooks"),content: String::from("of course, as you probably already know, people"),reply: false,retweet: false,};println!("1 new tweet: {}", tweet.summarize());//Lifetimes: Ensuring One Borrow Lasts as Long as the Other//avoiding dangling references// let r;// //let b = r;//error: use of possibly uninitialized `r`// {//     let x = 5;//     r = &x;// }// //borrow checker// //println!("r:{}",r);//error: `x` does not live long enoughlet x = 5;let r = &x;println!("r:{}",r);let string1 = String::from("abcd"); let string2 = "xyz";let result = longest(string1.as_str(), string2);println!("The longest string is {}", result);//Lifetime Annotations in Struct Definitionslet novel = String::from("Call me Ishmael. Some years ago...");let first_sentence = novel.split('.').next().expect("Could not find a '.'");let _i = _ImportantExcerpt { _part: first_sentence };//Lifetime Elision}fn largest(list: &[i32]) -> &i32 {//we need to return a reference to the valuelet mut largest = &list[0];for number in list {if number > largest {largest = number;}}largest
}//Lifetime Annotation Syntax
//'a is a generic lifetime parameter
//&'a str: a string slice that lives for the lifetime 'a
fn longest<'a>(x: &'a str, y: &'a str) -> &'a str {//we need to return a reference to the value//'a is the part of the scope of x that overlaps with the scope of yif x.len() > y.len() {x} else {y}
}fn _longest<'a>(x: &'a str, _y: &str) -> &'a str {//we need to return a reference to the value//'a is the part of the scope of x that overlaps with the scope of yx
}// fn error_longest<'a>(x: &str, _y: &str) -> &'a str {//we need to return a reference to the value
//     let result = String::from("really long string");
//     result.as_str()
// }fn _corroct_longest<'a>(_x: &'a str, _y: &str) -> String {//we need to return a reference to the valuelet result = String::from("really long string");result
}//Lifetime Elision
//The compiler uses three rules to figure out what lifetimes references have when there aren’t explicit annotations.
//The first rule applies to input lifetimes, and the second and third rules apply to output lifetimes.
//If the compiler gets to the end of the three rules and there are still references for which it can’t figure out lifetimes, the compiler will stop with an error.//1. Each parameter that is a reference gets its own lifetime parameter.
//2. If there is exactly one input lifetime parameter, that lifetime is assigned to all output lifetime parameters: fn foo<'a>(x: &'a i32) -> &'a i32.
//3. If there are multiple input lifetime parameters, but one of them is &self or &mut self because this is a method, the lifetime of self is assigned to all output lifetime parameters.fn _first_word(s: &str) -> &str {let bytes = s.as_bytes();for (i, &item) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {if item == b' ' {return &s[0..i];}}&s[..]
}fn _longest_with_an_announcement<'a, T>(x: &'a str,y: &'a str,ann: T,
) -> &'a str where T: Display
{println!("Announcement! {}", ann);if x.len() > y.len() {x} else {y}
}